Japanese Pornographic Animation Essay Example for Free

Japanese Pornographic Animation Essay Susan J. Napier’s â€Å"The Frenzy of Metamorphosis: The Body in Japanese Pornographic Animation† portrays how both female and male bodies are delineated in Japanese vivified sex entertainment. Napier clarifies how male predominance over ladies is depicted in the distinctive energized films she has refered to, where sexual orientation explicit jobs are normally reestablished toward the finish of each film or arrangement. For instance, the female lead character in the vivified film Wicked City is depicted as a superior warrior than the male lead character, yet at long last she accept the conventional job of maid in-trouble and mother of the youngster that would carry harmony to their city and its equal, the Black World. Napier further features the frequently dangerous and entangled delineation of male-female connections in these movies. The dream behind each change a male or female character’s body experiences in the vivified film subconsciously outlines basic social foundations, just as dissatisfactions, of the Japanese. In these movies, the female characters are ordinarily phenomenally proportioned with gigantic bosoms and hips, and little abdomens, while the male characters are comparatively incredibly explicitly enriched and prurient. Such portrayals seem to reflect overwhelming Western impacts. The transformation of female bodies is depicted by Napier as â€Å"controlled† in that they are fairly intelligent of conventional jobs and recognitions towards females in Japanese culture. In the interim, the transformation of male bodies is depicted as a greater amount of â€Å"demonic predominance and comic dissatisfaction. † While they are rebellious to the man centric culture of Japan, male bodies are depicted in something contrary to how female bodies are depicted. Male bodies are depicted as either peculiarly devilish looking or absurdly kid like. Napier keeps up that guys don't generally come out as the prevailing character in Japanese energized sex entertainment. I discover this somewhat questionable as most if not the entirety of the models featured in the perusing propose the nearness of a male figure whose job is either to command the female character or to help it. Socially, Japanese are of control-disapproved and man centric culture where each female is customarily accommodating to a male accomplice. The nearness of a male character, regardless of how funny or evil as delineated in the film, can be credited to an endeavor to adjust the depiction of forces where the hero is a female; subsequently, whether the predominant job has a place with the male or female stays hazardous. The nearness of the male help character recommends that female characters can't accomplish incredible control over her enemy without him. A case of this is La Blue Girl where the lead character, a female ninja, is upheld by her male ninja sidekick who is depicted as continually longing for her. Napier additionally refers to that male climaxes are delineated far not exactly male dissatisfactions in these movies since climaxes are seen as lost male centric control. Male centric control can likewise be found in the manner that female climaxes are quite often delineated in these movies, whether or not these climaxes are the consequence of conventional lovemaking or of sexual torment. I find this is a result of socio-social variables given the adjustments in jobs of people in current Japanese society. The Japanese male self image is by all accounts influenced by this change so much that their disappointment is reflected even in their vivified explicit movies. Thus, Japanese vivified erotic entertainment will in general depict female characters as youthful and non-compromising (secondary school young ladies, usually) while male characters are either cleverly scurrilous (youthful or old voyeurs) or capably satanic. Huge numbers of the solid male characters in Japanese vivified sex entertainment are delineated as evil presences, causing them to seem undermining and at last amazing over the females. Regardless of whether the female lead characters can conquer these satanic male rivals toward the finish of the film, these females are as yet depicted as customarily helpless against sexual brutality.

The Rhetoric of Reggae in Artful Cinema for the World :: Reggae Jamaican Music Film Essays

The Rhetoric of Reggae in Artful Cinema for the World Perry Henzel's The Harder They Come is credited with a noteworthy and one of a kind job in acquainting American crowds with reggae. While prior realistic crossmarketed films like A Hard Days Night or Help! were assistant to and subject to a gathering's past business melodic achievement, Henzel's film was for some a prologue to reggae and both forerunner and catalyst for its global effect and business prevalence. The film's status as a clique exemplary and marvel, to the degree a wonder can be clarified, maybe lays on its absence of business pretentions or special allure, and along these lines its legitimacy. The talk of this film - its pictures, words, and music in reciprocal cluster - is talk in the best sense since it utilizes the intensity of language to uncover, not to mask, the unconscionable limitations on the lives of poor Jamaicans. Essentially it's a film by a Jamaican craftsman about some musically and socially huge occasions occurring in Jamaica at that point, and however it is conventional as movies will in general be, it likewise incorporates the entirety of the majors subjects and clashes that characterize and whirl around reggae music: otherworldliness, erotic nature, corporate greed, social equity, the savior, and even Armageddon, however its tenor is quite common The virtuoso of the film is that it incorporates a huge number of social and melodic components and still figures out how to work logically on independent yet equal degrees of correspondence. The major message for Jamaican crowds was to record, verify, and esteem the Jamaican reality. As Henzel notes in his running analysis, an uncommon element of the DVD, Jamaicans cheered the film's initial scenes fiercely, just on the grounds that they perceived themselves and their reality in an incredible worldwide medium that had paid them no brain up to that point. There is no rush in moviedom like individuals seeing themselves on the screen just because. The experience and the heritage of imperialism accustoms individuals who endure it to writing and film that portrays the lives and points of view of the colonizers, not the colonized. As Jamaica Kincaid clarifies in a diary of a Carribean youth, every last bit of her perusing was from books set in England. Her property and its kin were not de serving of artistic consideration. While at long last getting such true to life consideration is a happy, freeing, and attesting association for the Jamaican crowd, it has an amusing measurement too in that the downpressed are blissful in light of the fact that finally they see themselves if not through the downpressor's focal point, at any rate on his screen.

The Broke Persons Guide to Credit Cards

The Broke Persons Guide to Credit Cards The Broke Persons Guide to Credit Cards The Broke Persons Guide to Credit CardsStop using your credit card to rack up high-interest consumer debt and start using it to boost your credit score instead!Credit cards are a tricky thing. On the one hand, you can use one to earn great rewards or miles, keep your credit score in shape, and even cover the rare emergency expense. On the other hand, they can also be a one-way ticket to expensive debt, a lousy score, and a financial life lived one paycheck at a time. It all depends on whether you use the card responsibly.“A credit card can be a payment method or a debt machine!” said  Financial Lifeguard  and author Christine Luken (@FinLifeGrd). “I advise my clients to first ask themselves honestly if they can be trusted to use a credit card as a payment method that they pay off in full monthly. There are a few things we can proactively do to ensure that a credit card doesnt turn into a debt machine.”Career bank officer Laura L. Mael of  Settlers Bank  (@settlersbankwi) obse rved that “We are a society where you have to have debt to get debt (i.e. home, car, and business loans) at the same time, we dont teach responsible use of it.”Well, that’s exactly what we’re trying to rectify. If you’re on a tight budget and are want to start using your credit card to build your credit score instead of your debt, here are the things you should do. Treat it like a debit card.The easiest way to rack up burdensome debt on your credit card is to spend money that you don’t actually have. That’s why Evan Sutherland, Co-Founder of  BudgetingCouple.com  (@BudgetingCoupl), recommends just using your credit card like it’s a debit card.“When you swipe your debit card, money automatically gets withdrawn from your checking account to make the payment. Let the same be true for your credit card,” he said. Every time you swipe your credit card, pay off that balance immediately.“This means you can only use your credit card if you’ve got the cash to back it u p. Follow this one simple rule, and you save $1,000+ dollars/year in cash back opportunities, and watch your credit score climb to 800 or above.”And even if you can’t get your score that high, avoiding high-interest debt will be reward enough.Keep your credit limit low.If you’re a credit card newbie or someone whos had some  previous difficulty with overspending, then don’t give yourself the room to pile on extra debt.Keep the credit limit low and something that could reasonably be paid off if need be,” said Mael. She went on to recommend that you base this limit on your monthly disposable income or savings balances.And what about if you end up maxing out your card? Well, a lower limit means less debt to pay down. “If you do happen to max out a $500 or $1,000 credit limit, you could work some overtime or a side hustle to easily pay it off,” offered Luken.Set limits for yourself.While we don’t recommend maxing out your card every month (seriously, it will likely have a negative impact on your score), you should be able to set a monthly spending limit on the card and then hold yourself to it. If you can’t do that, you probably shouldn’t have a card at all.“To responsibly use a credit card, you need to have some self-control and set yourself a limit for monthly spending on it,” Jacob Dayan, CEO and co-founder of  Community Tax (@communitytaxllc) and Finance Pal. Set a limit that you know you will be able to make the minimum monthly payment.“Ideally, you should try to pay it off every month to not accrue any interest on your bill. Doing so is a sure-fire way to help you build up your credit score. Plus, having little to no debt on a credit card comes in handy in emergencies where you need to pay for something in a hurry, he added.Only use it for small monthly expenses.“Using a credit card solely for small monthly expenses is the simplest way to boost your credit score,” said Roslyn Lash (@RosLash), an  accredited  financial counselor and the founder of  Youth Smart Financial Education Services.Additionally, only using your card for small, regularly-occurring expenses will help you keep a cap on your overall spending. It will also prevent you from using your card on shiny, new purchases that you otherwise wouldn’t be making.“Only use the card for items you would already be purchasing (gas, food, utilities etc), said Mael. “Don’t use it to purchase the extras that you want.”Track your spending closely.Many folks have experienced that awful sinking feeling when they’ve checked their credit card balance and discovered that it’s way, way higher than they thought it was. How could this be, they wonder.Well, it’s probably because they weren’t keeping track for themselves of how much money they were spending.As Mael put it:“Each time you make a purchase on that credit card, write the amount out of your checkbook so when you go to pay the bill at the end of the month you have the cash to do it with (y ou could also deposit the money into a separate account if thats easier to keep track of).”And if you don’t have an actual checkbook, that’s no excuse. A notes app should work fine, or an actual note as well. You can also check out some of the personal finance apps listed in our App Directory that will help you track your spending.Pay your bill every month.This one’s pretty simple. You’re going to have a credit card bill due every month, which means that you have to pay your bill monthly. Not only is this one simple, it’s basically non-negotiable.Ideally, you should be paying off the entire thing every month. But even if you aren’t, you still need to be paying at least the minimum amount due.In order to keep yourself honest, Mael recommended that you “never add charges in a new month if you havent paid off the previous months charges.”Never forget that one late payment recorded on your credit report could have a serious effect on your credit score.Make it harder on yourself to even use your  card.Self-control can be difficult to master. In order to get yourself into the habit, you can go above and beyond by making your card difficult to access. Literally.“Make it harder on yourself to even use your credit card in the first place,” said Luken. Leave your physical card at home so youre not tempted to spend money you dont have while youre shopping or out on the town. And dont save your credit card information on websites which are a temptation to you.“This is also a good idea anyway because it will protect you from fraud,” she added.Set up auto-pay.“Put your credit card on autopay, and set it to cover your full statement balance” advised Sutherland, noting that, “now you won’t even have to remember to pay off your card. Your only responsibility at this point is to always have enough money in your checking account ready cover your upcoming credit card bill. Then let autopay do the rest.”Of course, this will have to be paired wit h a rigorous approach to credit card spending so that you don’t end up zeroing out your checking account and incurring bank overdraft fees. As Sutherland noted, this is a slightly more “advanced” tip. It’s one you should start trying until you’re sure you can use the card responsibly.In order to lessen the risk of an expensive overdraft, Mael recommended that you “partner this with deducting the purchase from checking as its made. That way, when the payment comes out, the money has already been deducted from the checking account at the time of purchase!”Get a secured credit card.If you can’t get approved for a regular credit card because your score is too low, that doesn’t mean you’re out of options. In order to build your score and practice the basics of responsible credit card use, you could apply for a secured credit card!Consider a secured credit card thats backed up a savings account you cant access while the card is open,” said Luken. If your financial si tuation becomes rocky, you can contact the issuing bank and have them close the card and pay it off with the money thats secured in the savings account.”Plans are easy. It’s sticking to them thats hard.As Mael noted to us, many of these steps are pretty simple. But that doesn’t mean they’re easy. “They do take a commitment and a dedication to making them work,” she said.“The key is to have a plan and stick to that plan. Credit is sexy and easy and lets you get the stuff that you want. It can be a real trap that once youre in it is hard to get out.”Racking up credit card debt and tanking your credit score could leave you hard-up during a financial emergency. Thats how people end up relying on predatory no credit check loans and short-term bad credit loans like payday loans, cash advances,  and title loans. So use your cards responsibly! To read more about setting yourself up for financial success, check out  these related posts and articles from OppLoans:8 Good Habits to Get Your Financesâ€"and Your Lifeâ€"on TrackA Beginner’s Guide to BudgetingFrom Budget to Baller: 6 Tips to Grow Your Money8 Ways To Save Money Today, Tomorrow and Every Day AfterWhat other questions do you have about credit cards?  Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.ContributorsJacob Dayan is the CEO and Co-Founder of  Community Tax, LLC (@communitytaxllc) and  Finance Pal, LLC. He began his career in Wall Street New York at Bear Stearns working in the Financial Analytics and Structured Transactions group. He continued to work in Wall Street until early 2009. When he then left New York and returned to Chicago to be with his family and pursue his lifelong dream  of self-employment. There he co-founded Community Tax, LLC followed by Finance Pal in late 2018.Roslyn Lash  (@RosLash) is an Accredited Financial Counselor and the Author of  The 7 Fruits of Budgeting.  She specializes in financial education, adult coaching, and works virtually with adults helpin g them to navigate through their personal finances i.e. budgeting, debt, and credit repair. Roslyn is a real estate broker and is also the founder of  Youth Smart Financial Education Services which specializes in financial literacy. Her advice has been featured in national publications such as USA Today, Forbes, TIME, Huffington Post, Los Angeles Times, and a host of other media outlets.Christine Luken, The Financial Lifeguard (@FinLifeGrd), is a money coach, speaker, and author of two books:  Money is Emotional: Prevent Your Heart From Hijacking Your Wallet  and Manage Money Like a Boss: A Financial Guide for Creative Entrepreneurs.Laura  Mael  has been working in the financial industry for over 30 years. Currently, she is responsible for sharing the story and expertise of Settlers Bank  (@settlersbankwi) where she serves as Public Relations Officer. Also, she is an entrepreneur and owns, Career Solutions by Laura.    Active in her community she recently served as ambassador for th e Women’s Entrepreneurship Day in Madison, WI. She holds her BA in Sociology from the University of Wisconsin Madison and is a certified Global Career Development Facilitator.Evan Sutherland  is a Veterinary school dropout turned entrepreneur. In late 2017, he and his wife co-founded  BudgetingCouple.com  (@BudgetingCoupl) to teach one simple truth: spending money correctly is the secret to building savings, becoming debt free, and enjoying money. He and his wife live in Washington State with their cat and pup.

The Denver Art Museum Architecture - 1690 Words

The Denver art Museum, a very strange looking building at first sight. Well I guess the question to ask is strange to what? Because everything is relative. So the Denver art museum architecture is very different relative to the buildings around it. To me it looks like an explosion of shapes, Boxes and triangles and wedge shaped objects flying from the center of creativity. As said earlier the architecture is strange or vastly different relative to the buildings around it, but when you push your views aside and look at the building for what it is, you see that it is art. The detention of â€Å"architecture† is the art or practice of designing and constructing buildings, so by this, every architect is an artist. Some are much more conventional, some are expressive, they design and express buildings to resemble something different. So I looked a second time at the building and saw not just a strange looking building but a giant piece of artwork, expressing 10 different building d esigns in one building to house the artwork of many others. As I entered the building I saw the artwork of the building was not just exterior. Yet, Inside, even stripped of all the art work it still, the building itself was still art. With expressive lines and shapes, the layout of the building was expressing new and old, fancy and plane architecture all into its own beautiful piece of artwork. Nothing about the building was ordinary to a general standard of 21st century architecture. But expressive art,Show MoreRelatedArt : The Art Of Art1631 Words   |  7 PagesThe Art of Art Some of the first art come out of the Americas was the visual arts of the people of the Caribbean, Central, North and South Americas. This type of art refers to all art produced until the late 15th century, and occasionally till the very early 16th. 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And, like the true living museum that it is, Hard Rocks memorabilia collection remains very much a work in progress, constantly expanding and deepening as new music-andRead MoreHard Rock Cafe Case Study5960 Words   |  24 Pagestreasures include an awe-inspiring collection of classic guitars and other instruments, posters, costumes, music and lyric sheets, album art, platinum and gold LPs, photos and much more. From Jimi Hendrixs Flying V guitar to John Lennons handwritten lyrics to Help (his favorite Beatles tune) to one of Madonnas now-classic bustier. And, like the true living museum that it is, Hard Rocks memorabilia collection remains very much a work in progress, constantly expanding and deepening as new music-andRead MoreStarbucks Corporation12076 Words   |  49 PagesSupremo bean, and Starbucks guaranteed to purchase the entire yield. This enabled Starbucks to be the exclusive purveyor of Narino Supremo, purportedly one of the best coffees in the world.8 Vertical Integration Roasting the coffee bean is close to an art form at Starbucks. Starbucks currently operates multiple roasting and distribution facilities. Roasters are promoted from within the company and trained for over a year, and it is considered quite an honor to be chosen. The coffee is roasted in a powerfulRead MoreTop 1 Cause for Project Failure65023 Words   |  261 Pages(SSC). A company was created that would eventually take delivery of and manage this combined service. The Research bodies were very reluctant to comply with a one size fits all arrangement. (There were research functions as diverse as Arts to Engineering and Environment to Social Sciences).So we had from the beginning poor Stakeholder ownership. Involvement was varied from truculant to compliant. Then there was the Vendor Issue! Two high profile companies were involved in the

Essay on The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald - 1802 Words

The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald Thesis: The pursuit of the American Dream is a dominant theme throughout The Great Gatsby, which is carried out in various ways by F. Scott Fitzgerald, how the author represents this theme through his characters and their actions is one small aspect of it. Fitzgeralds dominant theme in The Great Gatsby focuses on the corruption of the American Dream. By analyzing high society during the 1920s through the eyes of narrator Nick Carraway, the author reveals that the American Dream has transformed from a pure ideal of security into a convoluted scheme of materialistic power. In support of this message, Fitzgerald highlights the original aspects as well as the new aspects of the American Dream in†¦show more content†¦Gatsby realizes that life of the high-class demands wealth to become priority; wealth becomes his superficial goal overshadowing his quest for love. He establishes his necessity to acquire wealth, which allows him to be with Daisy. The social elite of Gatsby?s time sacrifice morality in order to attain wealth. Tom Buchanan, a man from an enormously wealthy family, ?seems to Nick to have lost all sense of being kind.?(Lehan, pg.60) Nick describes Tom?s physical attributes as a metaphor for his true character when remark ing that Tom had a ?hard mouth and a supercilious manner?arrogant eyes has established dominance over his face?always leaning aggressively forward?a cruel body?his speaking voice?added to the impression of fractiousness he conveyed? (Lehan, p.61) The product of hard work is the wistful Jay Gatsby, who epitomizes the purest characteristics of the American Dream: everlasting hope. His burning desire to win Daisy?s love symbolizes the basis of the old dream: an ethereal goal and a never-ending search for the opportunity to reach that goal. Gatsby is first seen late at night, ?standing with his hands in his pockets? and supposedly ?out to determine what share is his of our local heavens? (Fitzgerald, pg25). Nick watches Gatsby?s movements and comments: ?-He stretches out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way, and as far as I am from him I can swear he is trembling. Involuntarily I glance seaward-and distinguish nothing except a singleShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby By F. Fitzgerald1558 Words   |  7 Pagesreaders that he is an honest, true individual in the beginning. He demonstrates that he is the innocent bystander who is simply just observing everyone around him, and describes himself as â€Å"one of the few most honest people that I have ever known† (Fitzgerald 59). He is immensely charismatic and can make friends with almost everyone, therefore his narration can be described as unbiased and he seems to be merely telling the story as it is. 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Story primarily describes the young, mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby and his passion for the beautiful Daisy Buchanan. Novel includes themes of idealism, resistance to change, social differences, American dream, Injustice, power, betrayal, Importance of money, careless, callousness. Scott Fitzgerald sets up his novel into separate social groupsRead MoreThe Great Gatsb y By F. Fitzgerald Essay1548 Words   |  7 Pagespossibility, thusly giving the lower class hope of social mobility and economic success. Two tales written during this era epitomize the American Dream through lower class protagonists who find financial fortune. The first is The Great Gatsby, written by Scott F. Fitzgerald in the midst of this extreme social hierarchy he witnessed in 1920’s New York. Secondly, Stella Dallas: originally a novel by Olive Higgins Prouty which was adapted into the 1937 film of the same name; directed by King Vidor. HoweverRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Fitzgerald1302 Words   |  6 Pagestwo texts â€Å"The Great Gatsby† (Scott F. Fitzgerald), and the acclaimed poem â€Å"19† (W. H. Auden), as proven by the use of green light, the role of religion and strong imagery in society and analysis of the lives of those both lavished alongside those who possess only their pity for one’s self. Firstly, Green is represented in The Great Gatsby as a symbol of Gatsby’s unacquainted love for Daisy and its meaning of hope considering it is where she resides at the time. To Gatsby the green lightRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Fitzgerald906 Words   |  4 Pagesthis earth. In the Great Gatsby, by Thomas F. Fitzgerald, having a large sum of money just isn’t enough. In this novel, money symbolizes a social evil and it corrupts people with wealth and ultimately destroys their life. Desire is an unavoidable instinct of human nature. This instinctive behavior will continue whether or not the person fulfills their initial desire. Our desires are proportionate to the possessions we own and accumulate over time. In the Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby follows his dreamsRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald726 Words   |  3 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald showcases characters illusions in the novel The Great Gatsby. Each of the characters gets wrapped up in the drea m that they all wanted to live. The Great Gatsby is a novel about the American dream and the illusion is that one can be happy through wealth, power or fame. Gatsby, Myrtle, and George all had an illusion thinking they can live the american dream. Fitzgerald shows many illusions in the Great Gatsby. Throughout the novel Gatsby always wanted to be wealthy, thinking thatRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald768 Words   |  3 Pageswith your life and most importantly, yourself. In the fictitious novel, The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the characters who have money at their disposal are constantly looking for something else to fulfill their longing to have a meaningful life. Despite it’s problem-solving reputation, money isn’t what it’s chalked up to be, the characters with excessive money aren’t sincerely happy with their lives. Jay Gatsby, Tom Buchanan, Daisy Buchanan, and Jordan Baker and never satisfied with theirRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Fitzgerald1296 Words   |  6 Pages The Great Gatsby Told by Nick Caraway, and written by Scott F. Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby is a classic novel that gives readers a glimpse inside the lives of the wealthy during the roaring 20s. The story follows the lives of Jay Gatsby, a man of new money, Daisy Buchanan, a married girl of old money, and Tom Buchanan, Daisy’s deceitful husband. Jay Gatsby is a man of mystery, with seemly unlimited funds, who throws ridiculous outrageous parties for no apparent reason. 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The Importance of College Essay Examples

The Importance of College Essay Examples One of the greatest ways we've found to help is by giving a selection of college essay examples. Choosing where to go to college is an amazingly important choice. Finding the proper college can appear a small hazy like that. Give them a general idea of what you could do well, and describe ways to contribute your knowledge to the prosperity of that specific college or university. The report is readily the most crucial portion of a university appllication. Some colleges' essay topics are trying to find thoughtful responses, while some are inviting you to be playful. If you've already graduated from college or university and are looking for a superior job, you will need to get a persuasive resume to impress your future employer. 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Valuation of Capitalised Research and Development

Question: Discuss about the Valuation of Capitalised Research and Development. Answer: Introduction: The government sectors and entities comprising of both profit and non-profit sectors prepare their general purpose financial reports that are as per the Australian Accounting standards which are further in accordance with Corporation Act 2001 (Presentation of Financial Statements, 2015). The AASB 10 stipulates the standards for Consolidated Financial Statements. The standard presents the guidelines and principle, which are to be followed for preparation and presentation of consolidated financial statements and reports of entities that are controlling one or more subsidiaries (Hodgson and Russell, 2014). The standard presents and establishes the principle of control, which forms the basis of consolidation. As per the Walker (2008), an entity is subject to IFRS 10 application if they are profit oriented and applies this standard. It is also applicable to industries that fall under the category of Tier 1 and Tier 2. The key aim of establishing such standard is for setting up rules for entities along with its subsidiaries for preparation and presentation of consolidated financial statements. The eligibility for application of this standard is that the entity is required to have total control over its subsidiary. Calculation of Goodwill/ Capital Reserve in consolidation process Net fair value of identifiable assets and liabilities = ($158800) (equity) +$6400* (1-.30) (inventory) + 2000* (1-.30) (patent) + 20000* (1-.30) (plant) = $178680 Consideration transferred = $220800 Goodwill = $42120 Consolidated worksheet entries at 1 July 2016 Table 1: Statement showing consolidated worksheet entries at 1 July 2016 Sr. No. Particular Dr. Amount Cr. Amount Journal Entries in the books of Merelyn Ltd at the acquisition date 1 Inventory A/c Dr $6400 To Deferred Tax liability A/c $1920 To Business combination valuation reserve A/c $4480 2 Patent A/c Dr $2000 To Deferred Tax liability A/c $600 To Business combination valuation reserve A/c $1400 3 Accumulated Depreciation A/c $40000 To Plant A/c To Deferred tax liability A/C To Business combination valuation reserve $20000 $6000 $14000 4 Goodwill A/C Dr. $42120 To Business combination valuation reserve A/c $42120 Pre-acquisition Entries at the end of year 1 Share Capital A/c Dr $100000 Retain Earnings A/c Dr $58800 Business combination valuation reserve A/c Dr $62000 To Shares in Cathey A/c Ltd $220800 Worksheet entries at 30 June 2017 The entries that are affected Sales of inventory Depreciation of plant Impairment of goodwill Table 2: Statement showing consolidated valuation entries at 30 June 2017 Sr. No. Particular Dr. Amount Cr. Amount 1 Cost of sales A/c Dr $6400 To Income tax expenses A/c $1920 To business combination valuation reserve A/c $4480 2 Patent A/c Dr $20000 To Deferred Tax liability A/c $6000 To Business combination valuation reserve A/c $14000 3 Accumulated Depreciation A/c Dr $40000 To Plant A/c $40000 4 Plant A/c Dr $20000 To Deferred Tax liability A/c $6000 To Business combination valuation reserve A/c $14000 5 Depreciation expenses A/c Dr $2000 To Accumulated Depreciation A/c ($20000*10%) $2000 6 Deferred tax liability A/c Dr. To Income Tax Expense A/c ($2000*30%) $600 $600 7 Goodwill A/c Dr To Business combination valuation reserve A/c Dr $42120 $42120 8 Impairment loss goodwill Dr $1300 To Acc. Impairment loss- goodwill A/c $1300 Pre-acquisition Entries The pre-acquisition entries are affected by: -transfer from business combination valuation reserve Journal Entry 1 Share Capital A/c Dr $100000 Retain Earnings A/c Dr $58800 Business combination valuation reserve A/c Dr $62000 To Shares in Cathey A/c Ltd $220800 2 General Reserve A/c Dr $30000 Transfer to general reserve $30000 3 Trf. from business comb. valuation reserve A/c Dr $19600 Buisness combination valuation reserve A/c $19600 The aim of financial statement is to serve information regarding this financial positioning, performance and cash flow of entities that are useful for a wide spectrum of users in undertaking economic decisions. To accomplish this aim, financial statements serve information of entities like assets, liabilities, income and expenses, equity and cash flows (Carson and et.al., 2011). The information served along with the notes is assistive and helps in predicting the future cash flows of entities, which helps in finding out the timing and certainty. The standard directs on making the statement of financial position as the commencement of early comparative period where an entity retrospectively applies the accounting policy or makes ares tatement of items retrospectively in its financial reports or reclassifies the items stated in its financial statements (Ke, Pham and Fargher, 2004). All terms that are stated in AASB 101 standards is adequate for entities which strive for profit both in p rivate and public. An entity may make own use of titles other than those that are specified in this standard. Statement of financial position Table 3: Balance Sheet of Heaven Ltd as at 30 June 2016 Notes Amount $ ASSETS Current Assets Cash and cash equivalents 1 2,98,080 Accounts receivables 6,41,020 Inventory 2 9,70,000 Prepayments 3,400 Calls in arrears (2500 shares at 20c) 500 Total current assets 19,13,000 Non-Current Assets Land Building 17,50,000 Patent 1,00,000 Plant and equipment 17,16,000 Long Term Investments 3 13,00,000 Total non-financial assets 48,66,000 Total Assets 67,79,000 LIABILITIES Current Liabilities Accounts Payable 7,90,000 Accrued Expenses 8,520 Provisions 4 4,79,000 Dividend 2,00,000 Total Current Liabilities 14,77,520 Non-Current Liabilities Employee Benefit 4,00,000 Mortgage Loans 2,40,000 Total Non-Current Liabilities 6,40,000 Total Liabilities 21,17,520 Equity Paid-up Capital 4086000 Retained Profit 5 5,75,480 Total Equity 46,61,480 Total Equity Liabilities 67,79,000 Notes to Accounts Note1: Cash Cash Equivalents Cash at Bank $298080 Total $298080 Note 2: Long-Term Investment 10% Telstra Bonds $1300000 Balance c/d $1300000 Note 3: Accounts Receivable Balance b/d $651020 Less: Impairment of accounts receivable $10000 Balance c/d $641020 Note 4: Provisions Current Tax Liability $160000 Accumulated Depreciation - Plant Equipment $72000 Accumulated Depreciation - Building $207000 Accumulated Depreciation - Patent $40000 Total $479000 Note 5: Retained Earnings Opening Balance $275000 Profit for the period $500480 Dividend Payable -$200000 Balance c/d $575480 Statement of changes in equity Table 4: Statement of changes in equity of Heaven Ltd. Share capital Retained earnings Total equity Balance at 1 July 2015 $4086000 $275000 $4361000 Changes in accounting policy 0 0 0 Restated balance $4086000 $275000 $4361000 Changes in equity for the year 2016 Issue of share capital 0 0 Profit for the period 0 $500480 $500480 Dividend Paid 0 -$200000 -$200000 Balance at 30th June 2016 $4086000 $575480 $4661480 References Carson, E.andet.al., 2011. Audit reports in Australia during the global financial crisis.Australian Accounting Review.21(1).pp.22-31. Hodgson, A. and Russell, M., 2014. Comprehending comprehensive income.Australian Accounting Review.24(2). pp.100-110. Ke, F.Y., Pham, T. and Fargher, N., 2004. The relevance to firm valuation of capitalised research and development expenditures.Australian Accounting Review.14(34).pp.72-76. Walker, R.G., 2008. Disclosure of Financial Commitments.Australian Accounting Review.18(2).pp.161-172. Online Presentation of Financial Statements, 2015. [PDF]. Available from https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB101_07-15.pdf. [Accessed on 7th

Young Goodman Brown Goodman Brown Essays - Abrahamic Mythology

Young Goodman Brown Goodman Brown Young Goodman Brown is a moral story that is told through the perversion of a religious leader. In Young Goodman Brown, Goodman Brown is a Puritan minister who lets his excessive pride in himself interfere with his relations with the community after he meets with the devil, and causes him to live the life of an exile in his own community. Young Goodman Brown begins when Faith, Brown's wife, asks him not to go on an errand. Goodman Brown says to his love and (my) Faith that this one night I must tarry away from thee. When he says his love and his Faith, he is talking to his wife, but he is also talking to his faith to God. He is venturing into the woods to meet with the Devil, and by doing so, he leaves his unquestionable faith in God with his wife. He resolves that he will cling to her skirts and follow her to Heaven. This is an example of the excessive pride because he feels that he can sin and meet with the Devil because of this promise that he made to himself. There is a tremendous irony to this promise because when Goodman Brown comes back at dawn; he can no longer look at his wife with the same faith he had before. When Goodman Brown finally meets with the Devil, he declares that the reason he was late was because Faith kept me back awhile. This statement has a double meaning because his wife physically prevented him from being on time for his meeting with the devil, but his faith to God psychologically delayed his meeting with the devil. The Devil had with him a staff that bore the likeness of a great black snake. The staff which looked like a snake is a reference to the snake in the story of Adam and Eve. The snake led Adam and Eve to their destruction by leading them to the Tree of Knowledge. The Adam and Eve story is similar to Goodman Brown in that they are both seeking unfathomable amounts of knowledge. Once Adam and Eve ate from the Tree of Knowledge they were expelled from their paradise. The Devil's staff eventually leads Goodman Brown to the Devil's ceremony which destroys Goodman Brown's faith in his fellow man, therefore expelling him from his utopia. Goodman Brown almost immediately declares that he kept his meeting with the Devil and no longer wishes to continue on his errand with the Devil. He says that he comes from a race of honest men and good Christians and that his father had never gone on this errand and nor will he. The Devil is quick to point out however that he was with his father and grandfather when they were flogging a woman or burning an Indian village, respectively. These acts are ironic in that they were bad deeds done in the name of good, and it shows that he does not come from good Christians. When Goodman Brown's first excuse not to carry on with the errand proves to be unconvincing, he says he can't go because of his wife, Faith. And because of her, he can not carry out the errand any further. At this point the Devil agrees with him and tells him to turn back to prevent that Faith should come to any harm like the old woman in front of them on the path. Ironically, Goodman Brown's faith is harmed because the woman on the path is the woman who taught him his catechism in youth, and was still his moral and spiritual adviser. The Devil and the woman talk and afterward, Brown continues to walk on with the Devil in the disbelief of what he had just witnessed. Ironically, he blames the woman for consorting with the Devil but his own pride stops him from realizing that his faults are the same as the woman's. Brown again decides that he will no longer to continue on his errand and rationalizes that just because his teacher was not going to heaven, why should he quit my dear Faith, and go after her. At this, the Devil tosses Goodman Brown his staff (which will lead

Court Transcript of BTKs Confession

Court Transcript of BTKs Confession On February 26, 2005, the  Wichita Police announced that investigators had made an arrest in the BTK serial killer case after taking into custody an employee of nearby Park City, Kansas in a routine traffic stop – bringing to an end an era of terror for the Wichita community which lasted more than 30 years. Dennis Rader,  a city employee, a cub scout leader, and an active member of his church, confessed that he was the BTK serial killer. Here is the transcript of his confession. The Defendant: On January 15th, 1974, I maliciously, intentionally and premeditation killed Joseph Otero. Count Two – The Court: All right. Mr. Rader, I need to find out more information. On that particular day, the 15th day of January, 1974, can you tell me where you went to kill Mr. Joseph Otero? The Defendant: Mmm, I think it’s 1834 Edgemoor. The Court: All right. Can you tell me approximately what time of day you went there? The Defendant: Somewhere between 7:00 and 7:30. The Court: This particular location, did you know these people? The Defendant: No. That’s –(Off-the-record discussion between the defendant and Ms. McKinnon.) No, that was part of my – I guess my what you call fantasy. These people were selected. The Court: All right. So you – (Off-the-record discussion between the defendant and Ms. McKinnon.) The Court: – you were engaged in some kind of fantasy during this period of time? The Defendant: Yes, sir. The Court: All right. Now, where you use the term â€Å"fantasy,† is this something you were doing for your personal pleasure? The Defendant: Sexual fantasy, sir. The Court: I see. So you went to this residence, and what occurred then? The Defendant: Well, I had – did some thinking on what I was going to do to either Mrs.  Otero or Josephine, and basically broke into the house –or didn’t break into the house, but when they came out of the house I came in and confronted the family, and then we went from there. The Court: All right. Had you planned this beforehand? The Defendant: To some degree, yes. After I got in the house it – lost control of it, but it – it was – you know, in back of my mind I had some ideas what I was going to do. The Court: Did you – The Defendant: But I just – I basically panicked that first day, so – The Court: Beforehand did you know who was there in the house? The Defendant: I thought Mrs. Otero and the two kids – the two younger kids were in the house. I didn’t realize Mr. Otero was gonna be there. The Court: All right. How did you get into the house, Mr. Rader? The Defendant: I came through the back door, cut the phone lines, waited at the back door, had reservations about even going or just walking away, but pretty soon the door opened, and I was in. The Court: All right. So the door opened. Was it opened for you, or did someone – The Defendant: I think one of the kids – I think the Ju – Junior – or not Junior – yes, the – the young girl – Joseph opened the door. He probably let the dog out ‘cause the dog was in the house at the time. The Court: All right. When you went into the house what happened then? The Defendant: Well, I confronted the family, pulled the pistol, confronted Mr. Otero and asked him to – you know, that I was there to – basically I was wanted, wanted to get the car. I was hungry, food, I was wanted, and asked him to lie down in the living room. And at that time I realized that wouldn’t be a really good idea, so I finally – The dog was the real problem, so I – I asked Mr. Otero if he could get the dog out. So he had one of the kids put it out, and then I took them back to the bedroom. The Court: You took who back to the bedroom? The Defendant: The family, the bedroom – the four members. The Court: All right. What happened then? The Defendant: At that time I tied ‘em up. The Court: While still holding them at gunpoint? The Defendant: Well, in between tying, I guess, you know. The Court: All right. After you tied them up what occurred?

First aid Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

First aid - Case Study Example heart complications and other body malfunctions that do not directly involve the heart; they include such as dehydration, high sea levels, diabetes, and hypertension. Situational fainting entails the loss of consciousness after events such as withdrawal of blood, urination, coughing, and defecation. These activities trigger an involuntary nervous system reaction that slows down the function of the heart leading to dilation of blood vessels in the body. This causes a person to feel weak, sweating and nausea and eventually losing consciousness (First Aid 45). Symptoms of fainting include feeling unsteady and weak, this is followed by passing out that lasts for a short period. However, the period it takes become a victim regains conscious is varies depending on the cause of fainting. Another symptom of fainting is a sudden sticky sweat, difficulty in breathing and nausea. The most common symptom of fainting is blurred visions and a ringing sound in the ears; this is followed by collapsing on the ground. After losing conscious, one may feel confused for almost 30 minutes; the victim may also fail to remember the previous events before they fainted (First Aid for Families 2). Assessment of fainting is done via the help of a theory referred to as FAST, this means Face, Arms, Speech, and Time. Face- the face of the victim looks abnormal, not be able to smile, open their mouth normally, and eyes that are drooped or half closed. Arms- the victim is not able to lift their arms at ease, this is due to feeling of numbness and lack of general body strength. Speech, the victims, show signs of blurred speech; they cannot speak and pronounce words in a normal manner. Time- when all these signs have been assessed, it is time to take the first aid steps or seek professional assistance (Thygerson and Alton 123). 1. If the victim is weak and seems to be about to collapse, try to hold them and assist them to the ground, this is because when people faint, they are not able to

Research about online shopping Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Research about online shopping - Essay Example Adoption of this mode of shopping has been a function of multiple factors that the paper seeks to identify. Online shoppers are motivated by increased population in urban areas which makes shopping malls crowded, thus many people prefer ordering goods and services from home. Online shopping has numerous benefits that include convenience, price advantages and also times saving. Selection of goods from a variety and also access to a lot of information that may not be available in offline shopping is another force that motivates online shopping. Most online shoppers have a motive behind their decision to shop online. Large online retailers such as Amazon and eBay began online retailing in 1995 and have developed to accommodate shoppers from all over the world by integrating all the requirements stated above. The University of North Carolina (4) assert that online buying has been marred by problems such as insecurity, lack of privacy, longer waits periods and also no hands on-inspections that are usually more important in purchase decisions. A constellation of these forces act to stall the advancement of online shopping. To enhance online shopping, majority of online retailers are Search Engine Optimized to allow potential clients locate them using the search engines. SEO optimization is a key element in boosting online shopping since most new shoppers locate online shops by searching randomly over the search engines; therefore, making a shop visible is a major step towards encouraging online shopping since more potential clients can locate it. Harnessing customers is a major business requirement. Requirements for participation in online shopping There are several basic requirements for participation and the characteristics of online shopping. According to Luo, Sulin and Zhnag (1132), ease of access to the internet has led to massive changes in the way people shop. Unlike normal shopping sprees, transactions are conducted over the internet. This requirement has bee n boosted by the fact that the world is constantly increasing internet penetration and also the speeds. This makes online transactions faster and efficient. In china for example, most people opt to shop online due to congestion in the shopping malls that usually waste a lot of time. Online shopping is relatively cheap and thus becomes an appropriate avenue through which low income earners can access goods that are highly priced at shopping centers at a more affordable price. In addition, online shoppers have a chance to have their goods delivered to the door after purchase (Li 509). For one to shop online there must be an electronic means of payment. These means of payment are commonly referred to as third party payment systems. The payment systems form a platform through which the buyers and the sellers can exchange goods and make payments without being in physical presence (Luo and Sulin 1135). Such online payment systems include PayPal, Payoneer, Skrill, Alipay and Payza. Another requirement for shopping online is that one must poses a computer or any other electronic device that can access the internet. This follows that the user must be literate to use the gadgets. This requirement has been met in most countries through education. Access to information is vital in online shopping. 70% of online buyers are enthusiast youths who have access to more information about new releases of goods and services. In this regard, the first characteristic of

Extracting DNA From Living Samples

Extracting DNA From Living Samples Karen Stevenson Introduction Collecting DNA samples from animals is often difficult and stressful for the animal, so non-invasive methods of collection are needed. Extracting DNA from animals usually involves one of three methods: Destructive sampling involves the organism having to be killed to get the tissues needed for genetic analysis.  Non-destructive or invasive methods require a tissue biopsy or blood sample. These are the most ethically acceptable and humane ways to extract DNA from living organisms as they do not destroy the animal or its habitat and often any DNA from feathers, hair, skin, droppings, etc. can be used, although DNA samples do degrade over time which will subsequently decrease the accuracy of test results. Freeland (2005) discusses a number of processes for DNA preservation including the method we used in the class experiment which is described in this report. High quality DNA shows up in bright contrasting bands on the electrophoresis gel but poor quality DNA displays a blurred or smudged look. Gender will show up as either one or two separate bands. Unlike in mammals where the heterogametic male (XY) will show up as two bands and the homogametic female (XX) will show up on the gel as one band, with birds, this is the opposite and the male is the homogametic and his ZZ genotype shows up as one distinct band while the heterogametic female ZW genotype shows up as two distinct bands on the gel. It is very difficult to determine the gender of very young chicks because there are no visible dimorphisms yet and poultry producers need to determine the sexes well before the animals begin to mature. Modern molecular genetic methods mean we can profile for individual genomes from very small amounts of DNA, whereas historically much larger samples were needed to get accurate results. In this experiment we followed procedures outlined by Hogan, Loke Sherman (2012) in our Prac manual to extract DNA from three tissue types of a domestic chicken to determine the sex of the sample and also to compare the quality and amount of DNA from the three samples. Materials and Methods Tissue Samples. Feathers, muscle tissue and blood samples were supplied by the technicians in the lab. The tissues were taken from a domestic chicken Gallus gallus domesticus. DNA Extraction from Blood, Feather and Muscle Samples We extracted our Our DNA with the Quiagen DNA purification kit DNeasy Blood Tissue Kit (2012). PCR is a faster and more sensitive method of amplifying DNA than cloning, and it produces similar results. We used bird sexing primers to build up the gender-specific loci CHD1W and CHD1Z, which allowed us to determine the gender of the chicken from a method developed by Fridolfsson and Ellegren (1999) using universal avian sexing primers 2250F and 2718R. The class results were collected and graphed so that our individual results could be compared. Negative control, male and female controls were used to conclude whether our hypothesis that Blood and tissue samples would yield a better quality of DNA than feather even though these methods are more invasive than extracting DNA from the blood spot in a feather shaft. In this experiment we extracted DNA from a blood clot in the feather as in the Horvath, Martinez-Cruz, Negro and Goday (2005) procedure, which showed that this was more successful than using material from the tip and this blood clot sample took longer to deteriorate than the tip sample. We did not know how old the feathers were, nor the age of the bird. DNA extraction procedures work by lysing cells, which causes the cell membrane to break free from the cell. Proteinase K can be added to detach the proteins and RNA can be removed with the RNAse. The DNA is then precipitated out using ethanol and further improved using PCR methods and visualized using the electrophoresis procedure. The Section containing the blood spot was cut out using a sharp pair of scissors and cut into tiny pieces and added to 180 µL of Buffer ATL before digestion with Proteinase K (180 µL pipetted into a sterile 1.5 mL microfuge tube) was then incubated at 56ËÅ ¡C for 30 minutes (briefly mixed in the vortex every 10 minutes), after which the cells had been lysed. To precipitate the DNA we added 200 µL of 95% ethanol (AR grade) and mixed in the vortex for a further 15 seconds. The lysed DNA was then pipetted into the DNeasy Mini spin column and centrifuged at 8000 rpm (6000 x g) for 1 minute, binding the DNA to the membrane in the spin column, ready for washing. The spin column was placed in a new microfuge collection tube in which 500 µL Buffer AW1 was pipetted, centrifuged for 1 minute at 6000 x g (8000rpm) and the flow-through was discarded. Again the DNeasy spin column was placed into a new collection tube, 500 µL of Buffer AW2 added and centrifuged for 3 minutes at maxi mum speed (13 – 14,000 rpm), removed from the flow-through (which was discarded in hazardous waste receptacle), placed back into the collection tube and centrifuged again at maximum speed for a further minute to remove any ethanol. The spin column was then removed from the tube (which was discarded). After placing the spin column into a clean 1.5mL collection tube it was labelled appropriately and 100 µL of Buffer AE was pipetted straight onto the centre of the DNeasy membrane and incubated at room temperature for 1 minute, centrifuged for 1 minute at 6000 x g (8000 rpm) to elute it. The DNA was now pelleted in the bottom of the tube, so the spin column was discarded and the pellet stored in its tube in a cold box at -20ËÅ ¡C. Electrophoresis Method During electrophoresis, the negatively charged DNA fragments travelled towards the positive cathode causing the smaller protein fragments to move quicker than larger particles. The DNA was visualized as bright bands on the gel, which had been stained with GelRed which is a chemical used to increase mutation rates, multiplies the product and is assumed to be carcinogenic. The agar gel and TAE buffer had been prepared earlier in the microwave and allowing the gel to cool to 50 °C. GelRed was carefully added to 150mL of gel for a final concentration of 0.5 µL mL-1.The casting tray was carefully put into the gel tank with the black moulding gates at both ends. The comb was inserted after the gel had been poured into the tray inserted, then left for 30 minutes at room temperature to set. 10 µL of the DNA chicken feather sample we extracted previously was mixed with the 6x loading dye into a fresh microfuge tube. Wearing rubber gloves, we removed the black casting plates and the comb and then added the TAE buffer until the entire gel was submerged by 5mm. The first and last wells had molecular weight markers ÃŽ »HindIIIand 2-log ladder added and our DNA samples were pipetted into an empty well, noting the position. We applied the cover and connected to the power unit and ran it for 60 minutes at 120V. The DNA proceeded to float from the negative cathode (black cable) to the positive anode (red cable). When finished, we removed the gel tray and transferred it on a plastic container to the Gel Doc System for visualizing the images. PCR method We used the Polymerase Chain Reaction method to expand the DNA so that it could be viewed using electrophoresis. The PCR procedure involved cycles of heating then cooling the DNA which enabled the helix to unwind and bind. We prepared the Mastermix negative and positive controls using 40 µL of the PCR Mastermix and 10 µL of the DNA sample mixed into a 0.2mL PCR tube. Each group had individually calculated amounts using the chart in the Prac manual. We prepared tubes for male control, female control and one negative control (these were provided by the lab). We then placed the tubes into a thermo-cycler and initiated the program which had been perfected to augment the CHD1W and CHD1Z genes using the primers. When this was done, the DNA was then put on a 1% agar gel comb (that had been microwaved and cooled to 50ËÅ ¡C) in a 1 x SB buffer solution for 20 minutes. Wearing gloves, we added 15 µL of 3 x GelRed solution to 150mL of agar gel. We prepared the DNA samples by mixing 10 µL of PCR with 2 µL of 6x loading dye, pipetted it into the gel combined with 5 µL of a 100bp molecular weight marker. The sample was pipetted into an empty well in the gel, location documented and after closing and securing the lid, the electrophoresis unit was run at 300V for 20 minutes. When the gel had finished running the power was turned off, gel removed carefully and put into a plastic container and transported to the Gel Doc unit. The bands were then visualised using the Gel Doc System. Results The class groups successfully extracted DNA from all three types of tissue. Due to incorrect or absent labelling of DNA samples, we were unable to use some of the gel images in our report. Figure 1 shows the Gel electrophoresis from a co-operative class Muscle and Blood DNA extraction using Qiagen 2012, DNeasy Blood Tissue Kit, with blood showing up in more distinctive bands, muscle failing to show clear bands and feather samples extracted (on a separate gel image) displayed poorly using electrophoresis. Hogan, Loke Sherman (2012) explain how the DNA concentrations are measured by comparing the brightness of the sample to the 2log Molecular Weight Marker over the amount of DNA pipetted into the well. Figure 1: Blood muscle DNA extraction using (Qiagen 2012, DNeasy Blood Tissue Kit) Figure 2: Feather DNA extraction using (Qiagen 2012, DNeasy Blood Tissue Kit) After extraction and visualization using electrophoresis, our samples were diluted give comparable concentrations. If the band was too faint or not even visible we left it undiluted but most of muscle and blood samples were dilute. Figure 2 shows the Gel electrophoresis from our feather DNA extraction sample with no discernible results. This was expected. Table 1: Mean nucleic acid concentrations muscle, blood and feather DNA extraction using nanodrop technique From table 1, results show us the average DNA concentration of the three tissue types and reveals that compared to feather, muscle samples provided the best quality of extracted DNA, followed closely by the blood samples. Our test yielded 5 muscle samples, 6 feather samples and 8 blood samples as well as the 2 unspecified class samples. Because 1 feather sample and 1 blood sample failed to clearly show any visible DNA (see figures 1 2), they influence the averages. In the face of this, however, the resulting average sample DNA concentrations reveal that muscle still produced the highest class of extracted DNA in comparison to the blood samples. The feather sample still showed the poorest DNA quality, which related with our expected outcomes. Ladder Male control Female control Negative control Jack’s sample DNA Sample DNA Karen Feather DNA Sample Negative control Female control Male control Ladder Figure 3 shows the Gel electrophoresis from our feather DNA extraction sample with the male, female and negative controls. DNA had been amplified from the extraction and visualized using electrophoresis to determine the sex of the bird that our sample was taken from. Results successfully indicate that sexes were able to be determined. Our PCR result matched the expected result and we determined our sample to be ZW female and Jack’s sample to be ZZ male. This experiment matched the Fridolfsson and Ellegren (1999) procedure except that we used a 1% agar gel to visualize the DNA fragments via electrophoresis and Fridolfsson and Ellegren used a 3% gel as well as our use of a commercial kit (Quiagen 2012). Discussion The quality of DNA extracted varied between our different tissue samples although all we were able to amplify all of them using the non-invasive technique PCR. Extracting DNA from a blood clot of a feather is an option when alternative methods (blood or muscle) are not suitable. The destructive muscle samples provided a better class and measure of DNA in comparison to the feather samples, however destructive methods of DNA extraction necessitate the slaughter of the organism and is not typically ethically acceptable particularly when endangered species are involved. Invasive blood sampling provided a high quality of DNA in terms of results and should be used in preference to destructive methods if non-invasive methods are not possible. The disadvantage of blood sampling is that if the procedure is done in the field, it necessitates the capture of the organism to extract the blood sample as well as the storage while out in the field as DNA deteriorates over time. Although DNA from fea ther samples gives a lower quality than the other two methods discussed, they are usually easier to obtain in the field because capture, plucking and release are far less invasive that taking blood or killing the animal for muscle tissue (Mundy et al. 1997) and usually can be collected from nests or off the ground without having to involve capturing the animal at all. This experiment was conducted over a number of weeks. DNA deteriorates over time and storage is therefore very important. Freeland (2005) discusses the importance of preserving DNA to circumvent DNA molecules from re-arranging and so affect the results when amplified by the PCR technique. We froze the DNA at -20 °C to preserve the samples in between both practical sessions. While performing the practical sessions, our DNA was generally kept at room temperature which could possibly have caused some deterioration but this is not very likely to cause large variations of DNA quality as all our samples were exposed to the same conditions. Cold-boxes were used to store the DNA samples but all products including the DNA were kept at room temperature for the duration of both practical’s and this could easily have been avoided by asking the students to me mindful of the importance of preserving the DNA in order to get better quality DNA for extraction. References Freeland, J (2005).  Molecular Ecology. Wiley. Chichester. Fridolfsson, A and Ellegren, H. (1999). A simple and universal method for molecular sexing of non-ratite birds. Journal of Avian Biology. 30, 116 – 121. Hogan, F., Loke, S., and Sherman, C. (2012)  SLE254 Genetics: Practical Manual 2012~ Sex Determination of the Domestic Chicken (Gallus Gallus).Deakin University. Burwood. 1-46. Horvath, M. Martinez-Cruz, B. Negro, J. Kalmar, L and Goday, J. (2005). An overlooked DNA source for non-invasive genetic analysis in birds. Journal of Avian Biology. 36, 84-88. Mundy, N. Unitt, P., and Woodruff, D. (1997). Skin from feet of museum specimens as a non-destructive source of DNA for avian genotyping. Auk 114, 126-129. Qiagen. (2012).  Sample Assay Technologies: DNeasy Blood Tissue Kit.Retrieved September, 11th2012 Taberlet, P. Waits, L. and Luikart, G. (1999). Noninvasive genetic sampling: look before you leap. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 14, 323 – 327.

Cuban Missle Crisis Essay -- essays research papers

Cuban Missile Crisis Nikita Khrushchev and the Cuban Missile Crisis The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 was the closest the world ever came to full-scale nuclear war. When the Soviet Union placed offensive nuclear missiles in Cuba, President Kennedy interpreted the act as one of hostility that would not be tolerated. However, the situation was blown way out or proportion by the president, American media, and ultimately the citizens of the United States. The Soviet Premier, Nikita Khrushchev, was reacting to the Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba, US Missile installations along the Turkey/Soviet border, and the clear anti-Communist policy of the United States. Khrushchev was born in Kalinovka in southwestern Russia. He was raised in a poor family whose income depended solely on the coal mining job of his father. In 1918 he joined the Bolsheviks and attended a Communist school the following year. He moved to Moscow in 1929 and began working for the Communist government. He gained much praise and advanced quickly. B y 1939, he was a member of the Politburo. He became Secretary of the of the Central Committee in 1951. After Stalin died in 1953, the USSR went through two more premiers before Khrushchev came to power in 1958. As Premier, Khrushchev publicly condemned the terror filled reign of Stalin. Stalin continually pushed for domination. Several Eastern European countries united with the USSR under Stalin’s reign and millions of innocent people were slain. Stalin also restricted Soviet citizens personal liberties to previously unheard of measures. Khrushchev was a completely different ruler. He acridly criticized Stalin’s crimes against humanity and began a rapid process known as destalinization. This entailed destroying statues, pictures, or images of Stalin and renaming most things previously named for Stalin. Khrushchev also restored many of the personal liberties that Stalin had taken away. He let political prisoners free, restored much freedom of thought, and restored freed om of the press. He increased production in factories and placed a strong emphasis on the Soviet space program. Although he had little pity for small, weak Europe and Asian countries, he worked to avoid war with Western nations. He even called for a â€Å"peaceful coexistence† with the United States. Khrushchev, despite being communist, was concerned for the welfare of his country and did no... ...ve the missiles if the US missiles were also removed. This created intense public opposition to the Soviet leader as he was made out to be much more militant than he actually was. He was simply fighting fire with fire, but the government and media prevented the public from having the truth. It looks almost like a blatant attempt to manipulate the American public by over-dramatizing a situation for which US government was predominately responsible. Kennedy threatened invasion and he would have had support of the entire nation if he had proceeded with this plan. Khrushchev obviously didn’t want war as he eventually agreed to remove the missiles and allow the US to have a nuclear advantage. Why would Khrushchev agree to remove the missiles without any US promise to remove their missiles or not to invade Cuba? The answer is obvious. Khrushchev did not want war with the United States. He was a vast improvement over Stalin as a Premier and had restored much freedom to his countr y. He wasn’t a mad killer like Stalin and simply wanted to protect the citizens of his country, unlike Stalin had. The US government, however, wanted the media and public to think otherwise. They succeeded.

Anatomy of the Neck

Lecture 3. Surgical anatomy of neck Contents of lecture Scopes of neck. Division of neck on a region. Fascias and cellulose spases of neck. Topography of vascular-nervous formations of neck. Topography of organs of neck. Topographycal-anatomic ground of operative interferences in area of neck. Cuts in area of neck. Treatment of neck’s wounds. Operations at inflammatory processes. Operation on muscles, vessels and nerves. Tracheostomy. Operations on a thyroid. Plan of lecture. 1. Scopes of neck, division on a region. 2.Triangles of neck. 3. Fasciae of neck. 4. Cellulose spaces of neck. 5. Submandibulare triangle. 6. The Pyrogov’s Triangle. 7. Carotid triangle. 8. Topography of basic vascular-nervous bunch of neck. 9. Distinctions between external and internal carotids. 10. Branches of external carotid in a carotid triangle. 11. Topography of trachea. 12. Topography of neck part of pharynx. 13. Branches of neck interlacement. 14. Scopes of lateral triangle of neck, divisi on of it on scapula-trapezoidal and scapular-clavicles triangles. 5. Layers of lateral triangle of neck. 16. Cellulose spaces of lateral triangle of neck. 17. Topography of neck part of diaphragmatic nerve. 18. Technique of tracheostomy. 19. Errors and complications at tracheostomy. 20. Features of operative access to neck part of esophagus. 21. Operations on a thyroid. ANATOMICAL-TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF NECK AND THEIRS ORGANS Topographical anatomy of neck (common data) The region of neck differs by the difficult anatomic structure.Any doctor needs knowledge of topographical   anatomy of neck, as this region has a row vitally important formations, interrelation between which must be taken into account at implementation of row of urgent measures (laryngotomy, tracheostomy, stop of bleeding and other). The practical value is had: 1) The outward reference points of region, which use at the inspection of patient for: a) Drafting of projection lines; b) Determinations of location of organs of neck 2) Bulges of sterno-cleido-mastoid muscles which are a reference point for finding of general carotid.Palpation of region is more informing: a) On the middle of the skinning fold exposed at bending of head, the body of sublingual bone palpate under a lower maxilla, on each side from it it’s large Horn. A sublingual bone is a reference point at implementation of vagosympathetic blockage; b) Below the plates of thyroid cartilage, place of their connection, palpate to the sublingual bone (Adam's apple); c) In the middle of front surface of thyroid cartilage is mapped a glottis. d) A cricoids cartilage is felt directly ahead from thyroid.Deepening which corresponds to the thyroidocricoid copula palpate between them. Urgent laryngotomy is executed in this area; e) On the line conducted from the lower edge of cricoids cartilage downward to the jugular undercuting of breastbone, is mapped a trachea, a few left from it is mapped a esophagus; f) At the cutting edge of s terno-cleido-mastoid muscle according to the level of cricoids cartilage the transversal process of sixth neck vertebra palpate at back of region (carotid tubercle, tuberculum caroticum).Against this tubercle a general carotid is pinned at bleeding from its branches; g) At the level of upper edge of thyroid cartilage, is mapped the place of bifurcation general carotid; h) In the corner formed by the back edge of sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle and collar-bone, the pulsation of subclavian artery is determined. Here it cuddles to the first rib for the temporal stop of bleeding; i) It is mapped humeral interlacement on a neck on a line, connecting a point lying on the border of middle and lower third of sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle and middle of collar-bone.On 1,5-2 sm higher than middle collar-bones execute anesthesia of humeral interlacement; j) It is mapped a diaphragmatic nerve on the line of the width of sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle conducted on a middle downward from the level of mi ddle of thyroid cartilage; k) it is mapped an additional nerve on a line crossing a sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle in direction from the corner of lower maxilla to the border between the middle and lower its third; 3) On the middle of back edge of this muscle the skinning branches of neck interlacement go out in hypodermic cellulose (n. . transversus coli, occipitalis minor, auricularis magnus, cutaneus colli, supraclavicularis). The explorer Novocain anesthesia conducted in this area allows to get anaesthetizing of front and lateral surface of neck.At palpation of neck at patient’s megascopic lymphatic knots come to light sometimes: a) It is often multiplied submandibular lymphatic knots at tooth decay; b) Chin knots are struck by metastases at the cancer of front department of tongue and lower lip; c) It is multiplied supraclavicular lymphatic knots in connection with metastasis at the cancer of mammary gland; their increase is marked also at tubercular lymphadenitis. d) Very often at the cancer of esophagus and stomach one of the lymphatic knots located on meatus of a. ransversa colli is struck is the Trauz'e-Vyrkhov knot. Neck delimited from a head a lower edge and corner of lower maxilla, outward acostic duct, mastoid process, upper occipital line to the cervical hillock is a high bound. From below from a breast, upper extremity and back, a neck is delimited by a line, going on the jugular undercutting of breastbone, upper edge of collar-bone, acromion scapulars and, further in a conditional line connecting the acromion by prominence process of the VII neck vertebra (vertebra prominens). Children have is short and wide neck, a lot of cellulose.A narrow glottis, wide isthmus of thyroid, narrow sublaryngeal space, is marked. It determines the methods of some operative interference. For example, children lower tracheotomy is done only, taking into account the features of structure of isthmus of thyroid and sublaryngeal space. In addition, children have the organs of neck on one neck vertebra higher, than at adults, that it is necessary to take into account at implementation of operative accesses. A neck de bene esse is divided by the row of regions, the scopes of which pass on the outward reference points of neck.By a frontal plane passing through a mastoid process and acromion neck divide by front and back departments. A back department carries the name of cervical (occipital) region – regio nuche – and consists of the well developed muscles covering vertebrae. These muscles in the turn are covered by strap and trapezoid muscles. Topographoanatomical under a neck understand its front department usually, actually neck, containing its organs, basic vessels and nerves. By a middle line divide the front department of neck by right and left halves.On each of them two large triangles are distinguished: mesial and lateral. Mesial triangle Mesial triangle – trigonum colli medium limited by the lower edge of lower max illa from above, sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle (by its cutting edge) – lateral by a middle lily mesial. Within the limits of internal neck triangle pair and odd triangles are selected: Pair: Submandibular – trigonum submandibulare is limited from above by the lower edge of lower maxilla, from below, lateral and mesial – both bellies of digastrics muscle.This triangle must be known for access to the submandibular salivary gland, to the facial, tongue arteries and veins (a. et v. facialis), to the sensible nerve of tongue (n. lingualis) to the sublingual (n. hypoglossus) motive nerve of tongue; Carotid triangle – trigonum caroticum is limited from above by the back belly of digastrics muscle, behind (or lateral) by the cutting edge of sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle, from below by the top belly of scapular-sublingual muscle (m. omohyoideus).This triangle it is necessary to know for access to the vascular-nervous bunch consisting of: general carotid (a. carotica communis) and its branches (outward and internal), to the internal jugular vein (v. juugularis interna) and wandering nerve (n. vagus). Scapular-tracheal triangle – trigonum omotracheale, limited from above and lateral by the top belly of scapular-sublingual muscle (m. omohyoideus), from below and lateral is cutting edge of sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle, at the front or mesial – middle line of neck.Needed for accesses to tracheas at implementation of tracheotomy and operation on a thyroid. Odd: Chin – trigonum submentale – limited from below by a sublingual bone, lateral and mesial – front bellies of digastrics muscles. Knowledge of it is needed for drainage of bottom of cavity of mouth. Outward triangle – trigonum colli laterale – limited from below by the upper edge of collar-bone, at the front or mesial – back edge of sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle, back or lateral border – on the cutting edge of trapezoid muscle.Within the limits of this triangle two pair triangles are selected: Scapular-trapezoid – trigonum omotrapezoideum – limited behind by the cutting edge of trapezoid muscle, at the front – back edge of sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle, from below – scapular-sublingual muscle. Needed for dissection of abscesses, access to the additional nerve (n. accesorius); Scapular-clavicular triangle – trigonum omoclavicularis – limited from below by a collar-bone, from above – bottom belly of pharyngeal-sublingual muscle, at the front – back edge of sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle; needed for access to the subclavian artery, vein and humeral interlacement.If to put together both internal neck triangles (right and left), they form one large middle quadrant of neck, which is divided by a horizontal line passing through a sublingual bone, on two regions: Suprasublingual region (regio suprahyoidea) – in it select a chin and two submandibular triangles; Subsublingual region (regio infrahyoidea) – in it select two carotid and two scapular-tracheal triangles. FASCIAE OF NECK Fasciae is a connective tissue frame and, being in all regions, various functions are executed: protective, supporting, fixing regarding to organs.V. N. Shevkunenko described 5 fascial sheets of neck: First (superficial) fasciae of neck – fascia superficialis colli – or fascia cervicalis superficialis. It is disposed deeper than hypodermic cellulose, is passed from a neck directly to the neighboring regions. Superficial fasciae of neck, dividing, engulf the hypodermic muscle of neck of m. platysma, forming its vagina; Second is superficial sheet of own fasciae of neck – lamina superficialis fasciae colli propriae (fascia cervicalis superficialis).This, fasciae begins from the copulas of processus spinosus of neck vertebrae. It is fixed to the upper occipital line, is divided, goes round all neck and forms a vagina for m. trapezius, m. sternocleidomastoideus and capsule by submandibular saliva of gland. The outward sheet of II fasciae of neck gives into the covered muscles the row of bridges which divide muscle into separate bunches. Down second fasciae of neck registers to the front-upper edges of handle of breastbone and collar-bones, from above – to the lower edge of lower maxilla.II fasciae of neck give offspurs to the transversal processes of neck vertebrae. One of these offspurs binds second fasciae to the heel. Other – binds it to the vagina of vascular-nervous bunch of neck. These offspurs form the frontal located plate which separates the front region of neck from back one. It confirms the conditional division of neck on front and back departments. This plate hinders to spreading of festering processes arising up in the intrafascial cellulose of front and back departments of neck.On face second fasciae of neck passes in fascia parotideomasseterica, this forms the capsule of parotid salivary gland and covers a masticatory muscle outside; The third fascial sheet of neck carries the name of scapular-clavicular fasciae (fascia omoclavicularis) or deep sheet of own fasciae of neck of lamina profunda fasciae colli propriae. This fascia has the form of trapezoid and registers above to the body of sublingual bone. From one side it is limited by scapular-sublingual muscles (m. omohyoideus). Down it registers to the back-upper edges of collar-bones and handle of breastbone.On middle line third fasciae of neck accretes in upper departments with III fascia, and forms the white line of neck. It forms vaginas for pair muscles lying below than sublingual bone: m. sternohyoideus, m. omohyoideus, m. thyrohyoideus. In connection with the features of the topography third fasciae of neck is instrumental in adjusting of blood stream in the vessels of neck. It is explained it by the presence of dense connections of fasciae with the wall of vessels, in the places of perforation by them this fascial sheet. At reduction m. mohyoideus fasciae, narrowing, multiplies the diameter of veins. A fourth fascial sheet carries the name of intraneck fasciae – fascia endocervicalis. It consists of two plates: parietal, covering a cavity neck from within, and visceral, covering organs neck. The parietal plate of fourth fasciae forms a vagina for the basic vascular-nervous bunch of neck of vagina vasonervosa, giving his partition, dissociating the vascular components of this bunch from each other – general carotid, internal jugular vein and n. vagus, inward (wandering nerve).On meatus of vessels a fascial sheet goes down in top mediastinum, gives the bunches of fascial fibres to the large vessels and pericardium. The visceral plate of fourth fasciae of neck passes to the organs of neck, covering a larynx, trachea, esophagus, and thyroid. To the large veins of neck fourth fasciae also gives the row of offspurs. Therefore in the moment of inhalation negative pressure in v eins is created, that can lead at the wounds of neck to air embolism. The fifth fascial sheet of neck carries the name of pre-vertebral fasciae of fascia prevertebralis.It begins behind a esophagus at foundation of skull, goes down downward in a pectoral cavity, passing ahead of spine. The Fascial sheet is well expressed and registering to the transversal processes of vertebrae, forms vaginas for the stair muscles of neck of m. scalenus anterior, medius et posterior. Its processes cover a subclavian artery, humeral nervous interlacement and m. scalenius anterior. It covers by itself the trunk of sympathetic nerve and muscle, lying on bodies and transversal processes of neck vertebrae (mm. ongus coli et longus capitis). CELLULOSE SPACES OF NECK The reserved and reported cellulose spaces appear between the fascial sheets of neck. Reserved: Pair sack of submandibular gland – soda gl. submandibularis, containing a submandibular salivary gland, loose cellulose, lymphatic knots, fa cial artery and vein, n. hypoglossus. This sack is limited by the sheets of second fasciae and periosteum of lower maxilla; Pair fascial sack – spatium sternocleidomastoideum – formed by the sheets of second fasciae for a sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle and n. ccesorius. This fascial space is practically reported with surrounding tissues only through the probutting openings, formed by vessels which blood supply muscle; Substernoid intraaponeurosis space – spatium intraponeuroticum suprasternale – it is located above the jugular undercutting of breastbone between the sheets of second and third fasciae of neck. Height of this space – from the jugular undercutting of breastbone to the middle of distance between a breastbone and sublingual bone. Space is opened from sides.Except for loose cellulose this space contains lymphatic knots and jugular vein arc of arcus venosus juguli; A blind sack a pair behind the sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle of sacus caecus r elrosternodeidomastoideus, Gruber is described. The scopes of it are: at the front is back wall of vagina of m. sternodeidomastoideus (II fasciae), behind are third fasciae of neck, and from below is periosteum of upper back edge of collar-bone. A sack is reserved outside, as at the outward edge of sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle second fasciae accrete with the third.This space has the report of spatium intraponeuroticum suprasternale by means of crack between II and III fasciae, carrying the name of gate of fifth space (portae spatium suprasternale). Pus in these regions causes the symptom of â€Å"festering collar†. Reported (unreserved) spaces cooperant to spreading of haematomas and inflammatory processes: Space ahead of internal organs of neck or pre-organ – spatium previscerale – between the sheets of fourth fasciae, spreading from a sublingual bone to undercutting of breastbone. Part of this space is below than isthmus of thyroid and ahead of trachea select as spatium pretracheale.In this space lymphatic knots, veins taking a blood from the region of isthmus of thyroid, are disposed in a loose cellulose, v. thyroidea ima, part of odd thyroid interlacement of plexus thyroideus. In 10-12% of cases lower thyroid artery of a. thyroidea ima. This cellulose space is delimited from the cellulose of front mediastinum by only a fascial bridge appearing at level handles of breastbone in transition of parietal sheet of fourth fasciae in visceral one; therefore the festering processes of cellulose of this space can spread in front mediastinum.Space behind the entrails of neck or retrovisceral – spatium retroviscerale – is disposed between fourth and fifth fasciae behind a esophagus. This space has the report directly with the cellulose of back mediastinum and spreads from foundation of skull to the diaphragm. Major anatomic formations are disposed in the back department of juxtapharyngeal cellulose: internal carotid, internal jugular vein, wandering, sublingual and glossopharyngeal nerves (nn. vagus, hypoglossus, glossopharingeus). Along the vascular-nervous bunch of internal neck triangle from every side vascular-nervous cellulose space is disposed – spatium vasoneurorum.Above it reaches before foundation skulls, and down passes to front mediastinum. Cellulose space of outward neck triangle is disposed between second and fifth fasciae. From sides this space is limited by the vagina of basic vascular-nervous bunch of neck and edge of trapezoid muscle. It is reported with subtrapezoid space. Deep cellulose space of neck is disposed under fifth fascia in trigonum colli laterale surrounds subclavian vessels and humeral interlacement and is reported with the cellulose of armpit cavity.Pre-vertebral space – spatium prevertebrale, is disposed between neck vertebrae fifth fascia. From above comes to outward foundation of skull, from below – to the level of the third pectoral vertebra. The long mus cles of neck of mm. longus colli ei longus capitis and trunk of sympathetic nerve are located in it, n. phrenicus from neck interlacement, vertebral arteries of m. rectus capitis anterior et lateralis. It is reported with cellulose to the level of the III pectoral vertebra. SUPRASUBLINGUAL REGION (Regio suprahyoidea)From above the edge of lower maxilla and it connecting line with a mastoid process are the scopes of suprasublingual region, from below is the line conducted through a body and large horns of sublingual bone, from one side are the cutting edges mm. sternocleidomastoidei. Three expressed triangles are selected in a region: Odd chin – between the front bellies of digastrics muscles and body of sublingual bone; Pair submandibular triangle – trigonum submandibulare, the sides of which there are two bellies of m. digastricus and lower edge of lower maxilla.A submandibular salivary gland beds in the area of this triangle. The skin of region is thin, mobile, elast ic, the expressed of hypodermic cellulose is subject to the individual changes. Superficial fasciae form a vagina for m. platisma. In the area of this triangle after Between sheets I and II fasciae of neck under the lower edge of lower maxilla is disposed usually a few lymphatic knots. Ramus colli n passes here. facialis, and also skinning nerves of neck (branches of n. transversus colli), which are disposed in a hypodermic cellulose.II fasciae of neck form a sack for a submandibular salivary gland. The last usually has an egg-shaped form and executes all submandibular triangle almost. Between a gland and its capsule loose cellulose is disposed, in which lymphatic knots lie often. On meatus of channel of gland, this cellulose is reported with the cellulose of bottom of oral cavity. The conclusion channel of gland of ductus submandibularis begins in the front-upper department of gland and goes away to the crack between m. myohyoidem and m. hyoglossus, following under the mucous membr ane of bottom of oral cavity.In the same crack a few higher than channel passes the tongue nerve of n. lingualis, n. hypoglossus and v. lingualis is below than channel disposed. A facial artery which adjoins to the internal surface of gland passes in the lodge of submandibular salivary gland. To outward its surface there is a adjoins of the same name vein which, bent through the edge of lower maxilla, follows under the capsule of gland towards v. jugularis interna the cutting edge m. masseter. Abandoning the bed of gland, a. facialis is bent through the edge of lower maxilla and is passed in the mesial departments of face.A deep department is formed by a few muscles covered by second fascia of neck. Most mesial the mandibular-sublingual muscle m. myohyoideus is disposed. This muscle, accreting on a mesial edge from the same muscle opposite side, forms the diaphragm of oral cavity – diaphragma oris. At osteomyelitis of lower maxilla, stomatological inflammatory processes, mayb e, as complication, to arise up phlegmon of bottom of cavity of mouth. It carries the name of Ludwig’s quinsy. It is a quickly making progress sharp inflammatory process, spreading on a tongue, larynx, and cellulose of neck.The last necrose and adopts a black almost. There are salivation, labored breathings, fetid smell of mouth. Quite often the Ludwig’s quinsy is complicated by development of mediastinitis. Topographically in this region the Pirogov's triangle, limited by the tendon bridge of m. digastricus, back edge m. mylohyoideus and n. hypoglossus, is important formation. M. hyoglossus is the bottom of triangle. Within the limits of this triangle, baring and bandaging of tongue artery which is disposed under m. hyoglossus is possible. A tongue vein lies above it muscle.Search for the Pirogov’s Triangle at thrown back backwards and the head turned in the side opposed to interference. The following layers are selected in an odd chin triangle: skin, hypodermi c cellulose, first and second fasciae of neck. Muscles are then disposed outside in inward: m. digastricus, m. myohyoideus, m. geniohyoideus, m. genioglossi. Deeper than these muscles a cellulose follows and mucous to the oral cavity. SUBSUBLINGUAL REGION (Regio infrahyoidea) A sublingual region is limited from above by a line passing on the upper edge of body and large horns of sublingual bone, from a lateral side – cutting edges of mm. ternocleidomastoidei, from below – undercuts of breastbone. After hypodermic cellulose I fasciae of neck with m. platysma is disposed. Between I and II fasciae of neck plural superficial veins (including v. jugularis anterior, v. mediana colli), and also nerves of neck, from n. cutaneus colli are disposed. Deeper III fasciae of neck, formative a vagina for muscles lying below than sublingual bone, are disposed: sterno-sublingual (m. sternohyoideus), scapular-sublingual (m. omohyoideus) – lying it is more superficial, sterno-thyr oid (m. ternothyroideus) and thyroid-sublingual (m. thyrohyoideus) – bedding deeper. Under muscles the parietal sheet of IV fasciae follows and described higher spatium previscerale. It contains vein interlacement – plexus thyroideus impar, v. thyroidea ima, sometimes (of to 10% cases) ?. thyroidea ima. In a sublingual region are disposed larynx, esophagus, trachea, esophagus, and thyroid. Within the limits of sublingual region the extraordinarily important carotid triangle of neck is disposed (trigonum caroticum).The scopes of triangle make the muscles of neck: mesial is top belly of scapular-sublingual muscle (m. omohyoideus), lateral is sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle, above is back belly of digastrics muscle. The superficial layers of triangle are represented by a skin, hypodermic cellulose, and first fascia of neck with m. platisma, by second fascia of neck. Deeper, the loose cellulose, surrounded by a parietal sheet IV fasciae of neck, its basic vascular-nervous bun ch and also lymphatic knots, on meatus of his vessels beds within the limits of carotid triangle.A basic vascular-nervous bunch is represented by an internal jugular vein (v. jugularis interna) and general carotid (a. carotis communis), which a wandering nerve is disposed between. Vienna with its influxes lies most superficially, and a. carotis communis is most deep. V. jugularis interna is well visible at drawing off of the internal (front) edge m. sternocleidomastoideus. At the level of upper edge of thyroid cartilage a facial vein (v. facialis) which adopts a blood from the row of vein vessels falls in it (v. lingualis, v. laryngea superior, v. hyroidea superior). A. carotis communis passes on the bisector of the corner formed by the top belly of scapular-sublingual muscle and sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle. The division of a. carotis communis on outward and internal carotids more frequent takes place at the level of upper edge of thyroid cartilage. To distinguish outward and inter nal carotids there is the row of topographoanatomical signs: An internal carotid, as a rule, on the neck of branches does not give. An outward carotid gives on a neck the row of branches in the following order: a. hyroidea superior, a. lingualis, a. facialis and other Topographically a. carotis externa departs ahead, mesial and lies more superficially, than a. carotis interna, which departs in a lateral side and leaves deep into. If in area of carotid triangle bare and n. hypoglossus is visible, he crosses a. carotis interna and lies on it. An outward carotid is closed a. temporalis superficialis, and therefore if pined an outward carotid, a pulsation on a temporal artery will not be present. In area of bifurcation general carotid is disposed a  «carotid reflexogenic area†.It consists of: glomus caroticum, sinus caroticus (initial area of internal carotid), branches n. glossopharyngeus, n. vagus, and truncus sympathicus. Carotid glomus – glomus caroticum – cons ists of connecting tissue specific â€Å"glomus cages† stopped up in it, closely associated from an adventitia carotid. Middle sizes of glomus caroticum: 3Ãâ€"5 mm. Reflexes of carotid area act part in adjusting of bloody pressure and chemical composition of blood. LYMPHATIC KNOTS OF NECK Five groups of neck lymphatic knots are distinguished: Submandibular. Chin.Front neck (superficial and deep). Lateral neck (superficial). Deep neck. Submandibular knots – nodi lymphatici submandibularis in an amount 4-6 is disposed in the fascial lodge of submandibular and in the layer of salivary gland. They collect lymph from soft tissues of front region of face. Chin knots – nodi lymphatici submentalis in an amount 2-3 lie under second fascia, between the front bellies of digastrics muscles, lower maxilla and sublingual bone. They collect lymph from a chin, tag of tongue, lower teeth and lips. Front neck knots – nodi lymphatici colli anterior.Necks in a sublingual re gion are disposed in a middle department. Lymph is taken from the organs of neck. Distinguish: Superficial, located on meatus of front jugular vein; Deep or juxtavisceral are the necks located near-by organs. Lateral group – forms a few superficial knots of disposed on meatus of outward jugular vein. Deep knots lie as three chainlets, forming the figure of triangle: †¢ Along an internal jugular vein. †¢ On meatus of additional nerve. †¢ On meatus of transversal artery of neck. A chain along the transversal artery of neck is named a subclavian group.The large knot of this group, the nearest to the left vein corner (the Truaz'e-Vyrkhov's knot), quite often is struck to one of the first at new formations of stomach and lower department of esophagus. He palpate in a corner between left sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle and collar-bone. Deep neck knots – heads and necks adopt lymph from all knots. They lie at the level of bifurcation general carotid. A knot dispos ed in a corner between v. jugularis interna et v. facialis (at the level of Horn of sublingual bone) is struck by one of organs of oral cavity first at new formations.Operations in area of neck At production of operations on a neck it is necessary to take into account the individual forms of changeability of neck, mobility of neck organs, large danger of damage of vessels of neck, which threatens by not only the bleeding but also possibility of embolism (at the damage of veins). At treatment of wounds it is necessary at once to take the damaged veins by styptic clamps and bandage them. During operative interferences vessels in the beginning are taken by styptic clamps, after dissected and bandaged. Position of patient at operations in area of neckIn all cases of operative interferences in front and lateral departments of neck of patient lies on back. Under scapulars a roller is underlaid, a head is thrown backwards. At cuts in the middle departments of neck the head of patient is re tained on a middle line. At operative interferences in the lateral departments of neck a head is turned aside, opposite to operative interference, because of what organs will be mixed up and become more accessible. Cuts on a neck Cuts on a neck must answer the cosmetic requirements and provide sufficient access to the organs of neck.Transverse sections conform to such requirements, because conduct them parallel to the natural folds of skin. At operations on a thyroid such cuts correspond to the long axis of organ and give wide access to it. In cases of baring of vascular-nervous formations, neck department of esophagus, dissection of abscesses and phlegmons on a neck produce longitudinal and combined cuts (Venglovsky, D'yakonov, De Kerven). Only changed, but also those healthy organs, the wound of which follows to avoid at operations.The following basic groups of surgical accesses are distinguished to the organs of neck: 1- vertical; 2- slanting; 3- transversal and 4- combined. Vert ical cuts (upper and lower) are conducted on a middle line at the front or behind. They are widely used for tracheostomy (upper or lower) back middle cuts are used as operative accesses to the bodies of neck vertebrae (to the spinal cord). Slanting cuts are conducted on the cutting or back edge of sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle. Such accesses are used for baring or bandaging of elements of basic vessel-nervous bunch and neck part of esophagus.In addition, slanting cuts take advantage that are most safe and provide deep enough access. Transverse sections are used for access to the thyroid, esophagus vertebral, subclavian, lower thyroid to the arteries, for the delete of the lymphatic knots staggered by the metastases of cancer progression. However much transverse sections have the row of failings: badly accretes transversal the cut hypodermic muscle of neck that results in formation of wide and rough scars; in addition is present possibility of wound of muscles, vessels and nerves duri ng operation.Besides availability to the deeply located organs goes down considerably. The combined cuts (patchwork) are used for wide dissection of cellulose spaces, delete of tumor, metastatic staggered lymphatic knots. Surgical treatment of wounds of neck The wounds of neck are characterized by four basic signs. The first sign is sinuosity of wound channel. It is explained it mobility organs of neck from the presence of the developed fascial-cellulose spaces in area of neck. Second sign are the wounds of neck are often accompanied by the wound of spine and spinal cord.Wounds on a neck are especially dangerous, inflicted on sagittal or parasagittal lines. Third sign are the wounds of neck in 13% of cases are accompanied by the wound of carotids. This, usually, heavy wounds which often end with death. Bandaging of general and internal carotids can be complicated by a one-sided central paralysis (hemiplegia). Fourth sign are wounds of neck are characterized by muddiness. At the woun d of larynx, trachea, special esophagus, there is an infection with subsequent development of phlegmons and abscesses. Sometimes festering processes are complicated by mediastinitis.Three areas of wounds of neck are distinguished: first area – from the lower edge of lower maxilla to the sublingual bone; second area – from a sublingual bone to the cricoid’s cartilage; third area – from a cricoid’s cartilage to the jugular undercuting of breastbone. Than the area of wound is below, that it is more dangerous, because interfascial cellulose spaces are unsealed. The large vessels of neck, included in top front mediastinum and going out on it, pass in the lower departments of neck. The wound of them is dangerous from the massive bleeding and difficult access to the site of damage.At primary surgical treatment a wound channel is extended. The nonviable areas of soft tissues are excised, foreign bodies, interfascial haematomas, are deleted, the damaged int erfascial spaces are extended. Surgeons do not unseal the interfascial cracks not unsealed by a scotching object. Wounds must be widely drainage. Foreign bodies are deleted only in case that they threaten to life of patient. Foreign bodies are deleted, if they cause serious complications (for example, located near a wandering nerve and is caused violations of cardiac activity).Foreign bodies in such cases must be remote at the well opened wound under the control an eye. If a splinter is located deeply in tissues and is not caused complications, he is not usually touched. He is encapsulated and is remained in tissues. Nick the encapsulated splinter will be mixed up, approaching large vessels, he is necessary to be deleted. Operations at phlegmons and abscesses of neck Phlegmons and abscesses in area of neck to the bowl are complications of lymphadenitis, when loose cellulose surrounding lymphatic knots is engaged in a process.Besides the difficult clinical picture of flow of disease, the festering hearths of deep cellulose spaces are dangerous to those that can on these spaces spread in neighboring regions. So, from previsceral and vascular-nervous cellulose spaces – in front mediastinum; from retrovisceral cellulose there is space – in back mediastinum, being the reason of festering mediastinitis. The juxtavisceral phlegmons can cause squeezing and edema of organs of neck, large vessels and nerves. The lately recognized inflammatory processes sometimes result in melting of wall of vessels and considerable bleeding.A cut is elected for the shortest access to the abscess. Taking into account complication of topographoanatomical location of large vascular-nervous formations, cuts on a neck are produced strictly layer. Unsealing a skin, hypodermic fatty cellulose and superficial fasciae by dull instruments, not to scotch vessels, impenetrate. At accesses the location of veins of neck, their intimate union, is taken into account with fasciae, the dama ge of the large veins close located from the upper aperture of breast is dangerous by not only the difficultly stopped bleeding but also air embolism.The wide opening of festering hearth is concluded by drainages of its cavity. Drainages are put possibly farther from the place of location of large vessels in the lower corner of wound. Thus on a skin there are sutures to drainage. The Festering processes of submandibular region are unsealed by a cut going parallel to the edge of lower maxilla, from last 1 – 1,5 sm (danger of damage of regional branch of facial nerve). After the section by the scalpel of skin, hypodermic cellulose, fasciae together with m. latysma deep into penetrates by a dull way, fearing the wound of facial artery and vein. Phlegmons and abscesses of bottom of oral cavity are unsealed by a longitudinal cut on a middle line below than chin. Come a sharp way to the gnathic-sublingual muscle (m. mylohyoideus). Pass the last through its stitch by a dull instrume nt, widely exposing a festering hearth. The phlegmons of fascial vagina of vascular-nervous bunch are unsealed by a cut along the cutting edge of sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle. Layer skiving, a hypodermic cellulose, and superficial fasciae, together with m. latysma is unsealed by the vagina of sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle and fascial vagina of vascular-nervous bunch. By a dull instrument penetrate to the vascular-nervous bunch. In cellulose surrounding a vascular-nervous bunch, drainage is put. At spreading of pus in the lateral triangle of neck unseal a phlegmon by a cut De Kerven. He is conducted on the front edge of m. sternocleidomastoideus, and then, crossing this muscle, parallel to the collar-bone and higher it on 2-3 sm to the cutting edge m. trapezius. Wound of drainage.The phlegmons of previsceral space are unsealed by a transverse section, dissecting a skin, hypodermic cellulose, superficial, second and third fasciae of neck, long muscles covering larynx and trachea, parie tal sheet of IV fasciae of neck. A cut is conducted on 3-4 sm higher than jugular undercuts. Spatium previscerale drainage is wide. The Festering processes of retrovisceral space are represented by retropharyngeal phlegmons and abscesses. The Retropharyngeal phlegmon can be unsealed from the side of neck, conducting a cut along the back edge of sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle.In the cellulose of retropharyngeal space, after the section of skin, hypodermic cellulose, superficial fasciae, vagina of sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle, penetrate by a dull way. Wound of drainage. I Recommend you a good book, illuminative these questions – â€Å"Essays of festering surgery†, 1965 Author of it, professor V. Vojno-Jasenetcky, man of very interesting fate. BARING OF ARTERIES ON NECK Baring of general carotid Findings. Wound aneurism of vessel, angyographic research, introduction of medicinal matters, if introduction by their puncture through a skin is not succeeded.Position of patient. A patient lies on back with a roller under scapulars. A head is thrown back backwards and turned aside opposite to interference. A cut is conducted long 5-6 sm at the cutting edge of sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle from the level of upper edge of thyroid cartilage downward. Layer a skin, hypodermic fatty cellulose, superficial fasciae, and hypodermic muscle, is dissected. The front wall of vagina of sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle is cut. Take a muscle outside, the back wall of vagina of muscle and vagina of vascular-nervous bunch is cut.In a cellulose most mesial and a general carotid is deeper disposed, ahead and lateral an internal jugular vein lies from it. A wandering nerve lies at the back semicircumferences of these vessels. At the wounds edge to the carotid presently lay on a vascular stitch or produce the plastic arts of artery (its substitution of autovein is possible or synthetic vascular prosthetic appliance from polymeric connections). At bandaging of artery there are serious complications as softening influence of areas of cerebrum and subsequent proof paralyses in 30% of cases. Baring of outward carotidFindings. Wound of vessel, vast wounds linden-tree, attended with bleeding from a maxilla artery; an artery is bandaged at the delete of upper maxilla and parotid salivary gland concerning malignant tumours. Position of patient on the back, a head is turned aside opposite to interference. A cut is conducted long 5-6 sm from the corner of lower maxilla downward, along the cutting edge of sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle. Layer tissues are dissected. Take an outward jugular vein upwards and outside or bandage and dissect. It is necessary to distinguish an outward carotid from internal one.In the case of necessity bandaging of outward carotid lay on ligature higher than place of departs upper thyroid artery. In the case of departs close from bifurcation edge the last to the carotid, an outward carotid is bandaged higher by the places of departs tongue artery. Complications. In the case of the low bandaging of outward carotid a bifurcation general carotid can have a blood clot closing a road clearance and internal carotid, practically there will be an obturator general carotid. Bandaging of tongue artery in the Pyrogov's triangle now is not practically conducted. Vagosympathetic blockageFindings. Wounds of breast with closed and opened pneumothorax, attended with pleuropulmonary shock; combined wounds of organs of abdominal region pectoral and. A blockage is produced with the purpose of breaking of pain impulses from the damaged regions. Position of patient. A patient is laid on the back with a roller under scapulars. Throw back a head backward and turn aside opposite to interference. Reference points the corner of crossing of outward jugular vein with the back edge of sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle serves for introduction of needle (at the level of sublingual bone).By an index finger at the place of piercing needle together with a vascular -nervous bunch move aside a sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle ahead and mesial, after anaesthetizing of skin on an index finger stick long needle. A needle is moved forward from a top to the bottom outside inward to the front surface of neck vertebrae. Draw off a needle from a spine on 0,5 sm and in a cellulose behind the vagina of vascular-nervous bunch enter of a 40-50 ml 0,25% solution of Novocain. Hyperemia of skin of face and sclera on the side of blockage comes during the correct conducting of blockage.There is the Claude Bernar-Gorner syndrome: narrowing of pupil, narrowing of eyeing crack, enophthalmos zapadenye eyeball. Neck’s organs Complication of anatomic structure and topographical-anatomic location of organs of neck in a great deal determines the features of operative interferences on them. In area of neck the initial departments of organs of digestion (esophagus, esophagus), external breathing (larynx, trachea) are disposed, thyroid and parathyroid glands, lymphatic vessels (the largest is pectoral channel).Also here are large vessels and interlacements of spinal nerves, nervous interlacements of organs and vessels. It should be noted that lymphatic vessels and vascular-nervous trunks of neck are covered only by soft tissues. Therefore, at the front and from sides they comparatively are poorly protected. One of topographical-anatomic features of neck is that all superficial skinning nerves of neck (from neck interlacement (?1 – ?4) go out practically in one point at the level of middle of back edge of sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle, that allows to produce anaesthetizing at operations on a neck practically by one prick.In area of neck there are numerous reflexogenic areas, which appear by nervous interlacements of organs, vascular-nervous interlacements of organs, vascular-nervous bunches, neck department of sympathetic trunk, neck and humeral interlacements. It is the important facial touch of organs of neck them mobility at meatus of hea d, which has the practical value at operative interferences. LARYNX Represented 9th by cartilages: by thyroid, cricoidea, epiglottis, two arytenoidea, two cuneiformis and two corniculata. Most essential from them re thyroid and cricoid’s, linked between itself lig. cricothiroideum. The front department of cricoid’s cartilage and undercuts on the upper edge of thyroid cartilage are external reference points at surgical interferences. Ahead a larynx is covered by epiglottis muscles, from one side the stakes of thyroid adjoin to it, behind a mouthful. Blood supply is carried out by upper and lower laryngeal arteries outgoing accordingly from upper and lower thyroid arteries. Innervations by the upper laryngeal nerve (from a wandering nerve) and lower (eventual branch of recurrent laryngeal nerve).Lymphatic outflow is carried out in pre-laryngeal, pretracheal, paratracheal and deep lymphatic knots of neck. TRACHEA Represented by cartilaginous semicircular connected by dens e copulas. Back departments are locked by a dense connective tissue bridge, where muscular fibres pass. Within the limits of neck 6-8 cartilaginous rings are counted, position of which corresponds to the bend of neck vertebrae. At the front tracheas the isthmus of thyroid lies, its stakes and general carotids adjoin from one side. Behind a esophagus is located.In a furrow between a esophagus and trachea a recurrent laryngeal nerve passes on the left, on the right this nerve goes behind a trachea. Blood supply of trachea is carried out by the tracheal branches of lower thyroid artery, innervations – branches of recurrent laryngeal nerve. PHARYNX Three basic departments of pharynx are selected: nasal, mouth and laryngeal. A lymphatic pharynx ring (Pyrogov – Val'deyer) which it is represented is important anatomic formation of pharynx: by two palatal tonsils, two pipe, pharynx and tongue.In area of nasal and mouth parts of pharynx there are the juxtapharyngeal and retroph aryngeal cellulose spaces delimited from each other by partition between pre-vertebral and pharynx fasciae. Front and back departments are selected in juxtapharyngeal cellulose space, in which pass important anatomic formations. Retropharyngeal space is divided by middle partition on two departments. Because of what retropharyngeal abscesses, as a rule, are one-sided. A pharynx is disposed most deeply and behind it pre-vertebral fasciae, long muscles of neck and bodies of vertebrae is located.Ahead of laryngeal part of pharynx a larynx is disposed; from sides are stakes of thyroid and general carotids. Blood supply is carried out by the branches of ascending pharynx artery, ascending and descending palatal, and also upper and lower thyroid arteries. Innervation of pharynx takes place due to the branches of sympathetic, wandering and glossopharyngeal nerves. Lymphatic outflow takes place in deep neck lymphatic knots. ESOPHAGUS A esophagus passes to the esophagus, in which distinguish neck, pectoral and abdominal parts and accordingly narrowing.Neck part of esophagus lies in loose cellulose between a trachea and pre-vertebral fascia. He is easily displaced, however, basic axis a few displaced to the left, which matters very much at the choice of operative access to neck part of esophagus. From one side to the esophagus are disposed the stakes of thyroid, at the front is cricoid’s cartilage of larynx and cartilages of trachea. Blood supply of neck part of esophagus is carried out by the branches of lower thyroid arteries. Innervation – due to the branches of wandering nerve. Lymphatic outflow – in deep neck lymphatic knots.THYROID It is one of the largest endocrine glands. It is disposed in the sublingual region of neck on the front surface of trachea. It consists of two stakes, isthmus and in 30-40% of cases a pyramidal stake can walk away from an isthmus or left stake. Weight of gland hesitates from 15 to 50g. An isthmus is represented by a lamina, width to 1,5 sm and usually covers 2-3 cartilaginous rings of trachea. Lateral stakes lie on both sides a trachea and larynx, an oval form is had. A thyroid has an own capsule, which the visceral sheet of fourth fasciae of neck is over.Vessels, nerves and parathyroid, pass between the capsule of gland and fascia. At the front a thyroid adjoins with sterno-sublingual, sterno-thyroid and scapular-sublingual muscles; behind – with the upper department of neck part of trachea, larynx, pharynx, esophagus and parathyroid. To the back mesial surface of thyroid a recurrent nerve joins and laryngeal, general carotid. Blood supply of thyroid is carried out by pair upper (branches of outward carotid) and lower (branches of thyroidneck trunk) thyroid arteries, and at 10 % people – yet and by a fifth odd artery.The vein outflow from a gland is carried out in the vein interlacement located by sympathetic trunks and laryngeal nerves. However, it should be remembered that at the lower edge of thyroid a lower thyroid artery is crossed by a lower laryngeal nerve which it is easily possible to injure at operations, that phonation results in violation. LATERAL NECK TRIANGLE (TRIGONUM COLI LATERALIS) Limited at the front by the back edge of sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle, behind – cutting edge of trapezoid muscle, from below by a collar-bone. Layers: A skin is thin, mobile, elastic.Hypodermic cellulose is developed moderately. Superficial fasciae of neck and in a lower department hypodermic muscle of neck. V. jugularis externa passes in the lower department of region along the back edge of sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle. Skinning branches of neck interlacement: front, middle, back. Subclavian branches of nerve of n. supraclaviculares anterior, media, posteriori. Other skinning nerves of neck interlacement go out at the middle of back edge of sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle: n. occipitalis minor, n. auricularis magnus, n. cutaneus colii.Second fasciae or supe rficial sheet of own a fascia of neck is disposed as one sheet registering to the front surface of collar-bone. Third fasciae or deep sheet of own fasciae of neck within the limits of outward triangle occupy a lower front corner only, I. e. trigonum omoclaviculare (in trigonum omotrapezoideum third fasciae it is not). Between second and fifth fasciae cellulose, additional nerve, is disposed. Fifth fasciae or pre-vertebral, covering mm. scaleni, m. levator scapule and other The vascular-nervous bunch of outward neck triangle is made by a subclavian artery (its third department) and humeral interlacement.They go out through an interstair interval. Humeral interlacement is disposed here higher and outside, subclavian artery – below and inward. From a subclavian artery the last branch is transversal artery of neck (a. transversa coli) departs here, and also its branches ?. cervicalis superficialis et a. suprascapularis pass. A subclavian artery abandons the region of neck, going downward on the front surface of the first rib (I. e. between a collar-bone and first rib); the projection of it here corresponds to the middle of collar-bone.A subclavian vein is disposed on the first rib, but ahead and below of the same name artery, behind a collar-bone and further passes in spatium antescalenum, where muscle is dissociated from the artery of front stair. DEEP INTRAMUSCULAR INTERVALS In a lower department and behind a sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle, outside from neck entrails, there are two intervals: nearer to the surface is prescalenum interval (spatium antescalenum); lying deeper is stair-vertebral triangle (trigonum scalenovertebralis). The Prescalenum interval is formed: behind – front stair muscle (m. calenius anterior), at the front – m. sternohyoideus and sternothyroideus, outside – m. sternocleidomastoideus. Between front and middle stair muscles there is spatium intrascalenum, which is located already within the limits of outward neck triangle. Within the limits of interval there is an internal jugular vein with its lower bulb (bulbus v. jugularis inferior), wandering nerve (n. vagus) and initial department of carotid (a. carotis communis). There is v. subclavia in the lowermost department of interval, meeting with v. jugularis interna; the place of confluence is designated as angulus venous.An outward jugular vein falls in a vein corner usually, in addition ductus bracicus falls in it on left, and on right – ductus lymphticus dexter. In an interval also there is a diaphragmatic nerve (n. phrenicus) arising out of fourth neck nerve, disposed on the front surface of front stair muscle and covered by pre-vertebral fascia. A nerve goes in slanting direction from top to bottom, outside of inward and passes to front mediastinum between subclavian by an artery and vein of outside from a wandering nerve. Higher collar-bones nip a nerve across a. transversa colli et v. suprascapularis.A stair-vertebral triangle is disposed at back of lower mesial department of sterno-cleido-mastoid region and limited: lateral – front stair muscle, mesial – long muscle of necks, from below – dome of pleura. An apex corresponds to the carotid tubercle of transversal process of the VI neck vertebra. In this triangle under prevertebral fascia necks are disposed: on the left is initial department of subclavian artery, eventual department of pectoral channel, on the right is eventual department of right lymphatic channel and lower knot of sympathetic trunk. A subclavian artery (a. ubclavia) behind and from below adjoins to the dome of pleura. Ahead of right subclavian artery a vein corner is disposed. Between it and a. subclavia passes wandering and diaphragmatic nerves, which a subclavian loop (ama subclavia) and n. sympathies beds between. Behind a subclavian artery there is a right recurrent laryngeal nerve (n. laryngeus recurrens), inward from it – a. carotis communis. Ahead of left subclavian artery an internal jugular vein and initial department of left brachiocephalic vein (v. brachiocephalica sinistra) is disposed, between which pass n. vagus, ansa subclavia, n. sympathici and n. hrenicus. Inward from an artery passes a left recurrent laryngeal nerve. The arc of pectoral channel more frequent is located ahead of this department of subclavian artery. Three departments are selected in a subclavian artery: – from the beginning of artery to the interstair triangle; – in an interstair interval; – from an interstair interval to the apex of armpit pit. In the first department a subclavian artery gives the following branches: †¢ vertebral (a. vertebralis); †¢ thyroidneck trunk (truncus thyreocervicalis) dividing into four branches: †¢ lower thyroid (a. thyroidea inferior); †¢ ascending neck (a. ervicalis ascendens); †¢ superficial neck (a. cervicalis superficialis); †¢ suprascapular (a. suprascapularis); †¢ i nternal pectoral (a. thoracica interna) In the second department is costal-neck trunk (truncus costocervicalis). There is the transversal artery of neck in the third department (a. transversa coli). TRACHEOSTOMY It is operation of imposition of stomy on a trachea. Produce tracheostomy as urgent operation at a sharp asphyxia; how prophylactic at operations on the organs of mouth and neck; in an anesthesiology for conducting of anesthesia (intubation). Basic findings to implementation of tracheostomy: impassability of larynx and upper department of trachea as a result of their obturation by a tumor, foreign body, paralysis and spasm of vocal copulas with closing of entrance in a larynx, and also traumas and edema of larynx; – coma of any etiology with violation of swallowing, aspiration by vomitive the masses, saliva, blood in respiratory tracts; – disorders of breathing at patients with a heavy cranial-cerebral trauma and trauma of thorax; – respiratory insuffici ency arising up as a result of proof oppression of central mechanisms of breathing; – heavy postoperative respiratory insufficiency; necessity of the protracted artificial ventilation. Types of tracheostomy are upper (supracricoid) middle (intracricoid) and lower (subcricoid) tracheostomy. More frequent execute upper tracheotomy and conicotomy, at which cross a copula (ligamentum conicum) between thyroid and cricoid cartilages. Technique of conducting of upper tracheostomy Position of patient on the back with the maximally thrown back head. Under scapulars is roller. During conducting of cut it should be remembered basic topographic- anatomic relations of trachea and other organs of neck.So facade and from one side overhead part of trachea joins with a thyroid, to lower part with the cellulose of pretracheal space; backwards from a trachea there is the esophagus forced out to the left. On the left a trachea and esophagus disposes a recurrent nerve; on the right a recurrent ne rve is deeper behind a trachea on the lateral wall of esophagus. Next to the lower department of neck part of trachea there are general carotids, shoulder is head trunk, arc of aorta and left shoulder is head vein.At implementation of upper produce a tracheostomy cut exactly on the middle line of neck from the middle of thyroid cartilage downward on 4-5 sm or transversal, approximate above the isthmus of thyroid. Layer a wound is unsealed, bleeding is stopped. Muscles bluntly move apart and draw off in sides; the first tracheal rings are opened. The isthmus of thyroid is drawn off downward, and a trachea is fixed either for a cricoid cartilage or for the first rings of trachea. It enables freely to manipulate at the section of rings of trachea.A trachea is dissected on the size of diameter of entered cannule by a scalpel â€Å"dosed by gauze serviettes† for warning of damage of esophagus. After expansion of road clearance of the unsealed trachea cannule is entered from one si de, and then translated it in a sagittal plane. After introduction of cannule a wound is taken in layer, cannule is fixed round a neck. CONICOTOMY Soft pit is groped between the lower edges of thyroid cartilage and pulled out arc of cricoid cartilage. Skinning cut longitudinal to appearance of the yellow coloring (ligamentum conicum) cross. This copula goes horizontally.Such cut can be produced â€Å"one moment† through a skin and copula. In opening cannule is entered and is fixed round a neck. This interference is temporal. Technically simpler for implementation is upper tracheostomy, however, it not always is possible from pride of place of isthmus of thyroid, and at children it is practically impossible. Therefore, presently got the preference lower tracheostomy, to which a cranial-cerebral trauma and damage of neck department of spine is contra-indication. COMPLICATIONS AT TRACHEOSTOMY Complications at tracheostomy depend on the errors assumed during operation: 1.So a cut not on the middle line of neck can result in the damage of neck veins, and sometimes and carotid. 2. The insufficient stop of bleeding before dissection of trachea can result in the hit of blood in respiratory tracts, which will cause heavy aspiration pneumonia. 3. Air embolism at the damage of neck veins is possible. 4. Length of cut of trachea must correspond to the sizes of entered cannule. At small cut is origin of narrowing and squeezes tissues round it, that substantially hampers the withdrawal of cannule; a too large cut can result in hypodermic emphysema with the subsequent growing in the road clearance of trachea. . Before conducting of section of rings of trachea follows strictly â€Å"to measure† out the edge of scalpel (it must not exceed 1 sm, not to injure a esophagus). 6. At introduction of cannule to the road clearance of trachea, it is necessary expressly to make sure, that the mucous membrane of trachea is cut, otherwise cannule will enter in submucous tiss ue that will aggravate difficulty in breathing. OPERATIONS ON NECK DEPARTMENT OF ESOPHAGUS Findings. Wounds of esophagus, foreign bodies, which it is not succeeded to extract at esophagoscopy, tumours and proof scar narrowing.Position of patient on the back with a roller under scapulars, a head is thrown back and turned to the right, because a esophagus deviates to the left of middle line and conduct interference on left of neck. Operation is conducted under the local anaesthetizing, at children under anesthesia. A cut is conducted along the cutting edge of sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle on the left of the jugular undercuting of breastbone to the upper edge of thyroid cartilage. Layer a skin, hypodermic cellulose, is dissected, superficial fasciae together with hypodermic muscle necks.The vagina of sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle is unsealed. Take a muscle outside. The back wall of its vagina is unsealed. Bare and dissect III and IV fasciae of neck. Vascular-nervous bunch together with s terno-cleido-mastoid take muscle outside. Cut the parietal sheet of IV fasciae inward from a vascular-nervous bunch. A lower thyroid artery, probutting V fasciae of neck, is bandaged. In a tracheoesophagal furrow find and take a left recurrent laryngeal nerve aside. Sterno-sublingual and sterno-thyroid muscles together with a trachea are taken to the right.A esophagus bares. A esophagus is determined on the longitudinally directed bunches of muscular fibres and rose-grey color. At the wound of esophagus in a stomach through a mouth a probe is entered, the wound of esophagus above a probe is taken in. Drainages are tricked into. In the case of the complete crossing of esophagus, a stomach-pump is inserted in its lower end, upper part tamponade. Afterwards the probe entered through the wound of esophagus, replace by the probe conducted through a nose. The damaged esophagus either is sewn together or produced its plastic arts.At suppuration of juxtaesophagal cellulose on meatus of esop hagus gauze tampons are downward conducted. A patient is laid with the dropped head end of bed. Such position is instrumental in the free separation of pus from back mediastinum. In the case of delay of foreign body in a esophagus, at this level on it lay on two gauze serviettes, sewing the wall of esophagus to the mucous membrane. An organ is destroyed in a wound. After surrounding of esophagus by the serviettes of it unseal longitudinally, thus a muscular shell is cut at first, and then mucous, which raise by pincers.If a foreign body formed bedsore, a esophagus at that rate is unsealed within the limits of healthy tissues. Foreign bodies are taken away by fingers or instrument. There are sutures on the wall of esophagus. Taking in of wound of esophagus is begun with imposition on its corners of lygature. The row of deep catgut stitches is further laid on through all layers of edges of